Gc M. L

974.401 Es7es v. 17-18 1425142

GENEALOGY COLLECTION

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 01101 1217

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BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE,

VOLUME XVII.

1885.

SALEM, MASS.

PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS,

1886.

1425142

CONTENTS.

Hugo Ried's Account of the Indians of Los Angeles Co., Cal.,

with notes by W. J. Hoffman, M. D., .... 1

Opening of Hatteras Inlet, communicated by William L.

Welch, 37

Through which inlet did the English Adventurers of 1584 enter the Sounds of North Carolina, also some changes in the coast line since their time, communicated by William L. Welch, 43

On the Carapax and Sternum of Decapod Crustacea, by How- ard Ayers, 49

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 18, 1885, 59

Election of officers, 59 ; retrospect of the year, 61 ; members, 61 ; field meetings, 65 ; geological excursions, 66 ; meetings, 67; lectures, 68; library, 69; horticultural, 81; museum, 82; art exhibition, 82; excursion, 84; financial, 86.

Indian Games, by Andrew McFarland Davis, ... 89

Ancient and Modern Methods of Arrow Release, by E. S.

Morse, .145

(iii)

BULLETIN

IBS SIB IX IUSTITTTTE.

Vol. 17. Salem: Jan., Feb., Mar., 1885. Nos. 1-3.

HUGO KIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA.1

WITH NOTES BY W. J. HOFFMAN, M. D.

The following epistles were copied by the writer during the summer of the present year, 1884, from the original MSS. in possession of the Hon. A. F. Coronel, of Los Angeles, Cal., to whom they were written in the year 1852 by the late Hugo Ried from the San Gabriel Mission where the author lived at that time. These epistles were intended as a contribution to " A History of the Indians of Los Angeles Co.," but of the original thirty-two only twelve refer to the subject in detail, the remainder con- sisting of information relating to the establishment, and decline, of the Franciscan Missions in California, facts with which we are already familiar through other sources.

Some of the epistles are variously signed "Hugo Ried," and n P. Hugo Ried," though the writer could not ascer- tain which was correct. The author, so Mr. Coronel states, was a Scotchman of considerable intelligence, who, after meeting with disappointment in an affaire de coeur in Sonora, came to the San Gabriel Mission, married an Indian woman of the tribe located there, and remained,

(i)

2 HUGO R1ED S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

literally cut off from the outside world until the day of his death.

With the exception of a few preliminary remarks, not germane to the subject under consideration, the epistles are given verbatim et literatim. Unless otherwise stated, the pronunciation of words, and letters, is in accordance with the Spanish language. The superior figures (as 2) in the text refer to the notes at the end of this article. The writer is responsible for all remarks in brackets.

LETTER I.

The following are the rancherias with the corresponding present names :

Yang-na	Los Angeles
Sibag-na	San Gabriel
Isanthcog-na	Mision Vieja
Sisit cauog-na	Pear Orchard
Sonag-na	Mr. White's Place
Acurag-na	The Presa
Azucsag-na	Azuza
Cucomog-na	Cucamonga
Pasinog-na	Rancho del Chino
Pimocag-na	Rancho de Ybarra
Awiz-na	La Puenta
Chokishg-na	Iaboneria
Pimug-na	Island of Santa Catalina
Toybipet	San Jose"
Hutucg-na	Santa Ana (Yorbas)
Almpquig-na	Santa Anita
Maug-na	Rancho Felis
Hahamog-na	Rancho Verdugos
Cabueg-ua	Cabuenga
Pasecg-na	San Fernando
Suang-na	Suanga
Pubug-ua	Alamitos
Tibahag-na	Serritos
Cho\vig-na	Palos Verdes
Nacaug-na	Carpenter's farm
Kinkipar	Island of San Clemente

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 3

Imp and San Bernardino, etc., belonged to another distinct tribe possessing a language not at all understood by the above lodges, and although reduced by the Spanish Missionaries to the same labor and religion, they never amalgamated their blood, they being considered as much inferior, and named Serranos or Mountaineers.

The captains or chiefs of each lodge took its name fol- lowed by ic, with sometimes the alteration of one or more final letters. For instance, the chief of Azucsagna was called Azucsavic; that of Sibagna, Sibapic.

The title of a chiefs eldest son was Tomedr; of his eldest daughter, Manisar.

Suanga was the most populous village.

The Cahuillas were named by the Spanish missionaries ; thus misnamed as a tribal name, the word cahuilla signi- fying master.

LETTER II.

They have a great many liquid sounds and their gut- turals are even softened down as to become agreeable to the ear. In the following examples i has the sound of ee; u of oo ; e of a as in fare ; a of a as in father ; ay of i; gn as in French.

Numerals.2

1 Pucu

2 Wehe

3 Pahe

4: Watzu

5 Mahar

6 Babahe

7 Watza cavia

8 Wehez watza

9 Mahar cavia

10 Wehez mahar

11 Wehez mahar coy pucu [coy •and']

12 Wehez mahar coy wehe

HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

20 Wehez wehez maghar [g and h combined]2

30 Pahez wehez ma,	ghar
40 Watzahez	wehez	maghar
50 Mahares '	wehez ]	maghar
100 Wehez wehez mahares wehez mahar
Once			Pucushe
Twice			Wehez
Three times			Pahez
Four times			Watzahez
Five times			Maharez
Ten times			Wehez maharez
There is > There are j			Woni
There is none > There are none )		Yahez
Yes			Ehez
No			Hay
Presently			Wake
Before			Aunuco
To-day			Mitema
Yesterday			Poana
To-morrow			Yamte
Here			Yeuaro
There			Muro
Far off			Poane
I			Noma
Thou			Oma
He or she			Mane
Man			Woroyt
Woman			Tocor
Boy			Quits
Black			Yupiha
White			Arawatay
Red			Quaoha
Blue			Sacasca
Yellow			Payuhuwi
Green			Tacape
Sun			Tamit
Moon			Moar
Stars [sic]			Zoot
Dog			Wozi
Coyote			Ytur
Bear Deer			Hunar Zacat

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA.

1.

3.

To hear,— Nahacua. Nonim nahacua, I hear.

O-a nahacua, Thou hearest.

Mane nahacua, He or she hears.

1. Non him nahacua,

2. O-a him nahacua,

3. Mane him nahacua,

1. Nop nom nahacua,

2. O-pam nahacua,

3. Mane-pom nahacua,

To speak, -

1. Non-im sirauaj,

2. O-a sirauaj,

3. Mane sirauaj,

1. Non him sirauaj,

2. O-a him sirauaj,

3. Mane him sirauaj,

1. Nop nom sirauaj,

2. O-pam sirauaj,

3. Mane pom sirauaj,

I heard. Thou heardest. He or she heard.

I shall hear. Thou shalt hear. He or she shall hear.

Sirauaj.

I speak. Thou speakest. He or she speaks.

I spoke. Thou spokest. He or she spoke.

I shall speak. Thou shalt speak. He or she shall speak.

They have no word to express love, but terms as to have affection for or to regard. The nearest approach to ex- press the idea of love is uisminoc.

[Present tense.] Sing.

1. Nonim uisminoc.

2. O-a uisminoc.

3. Mane uisminoc.

[Past tense.]

1. Non him uisminoc.

2. O-a him uisminoc.

3. Mane him uisminoc.

[Future tense.]

1. No que im uisminoc.

2. O-que-a uisminoc.

3. Mane que uisminoc.

HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

LETTER III.

The Santa Inez tongue is understood by the Indians of the Purissima, Santa Barbara4 and San Buenaventura, with this difference, that the two latter splutter their words a little more, which almost seems impossible ! The I is used in this tongue, although not in the Gabrielino, which is strange. The only word in the Gabriel tongue which has an I is an interjection, alala, equal to Oho ! The Serranos have no I either, in use, and their language is as easy as that of San Gabriel.

The Serranos generally employ a t> when the Gabriel- inos would use an r,

LETTER IV.

Gabrielino.

Father, mother, husband, son, daughter, face, hair, ear, tongue, mouth and friend, are words never used without a personal pronoun, as :

Father, nack, my father, ni nack, thy father, mo nack, his or her father, a nack.

Husband and wife. If they have had children, instead of saying ni asum, my husband, they often say ni tdliaisum, which may be translated part of my body.

All brothers older than the speaker are styled apa; ni apa, my brother ; all younger, by apeitz; ni apeitz, my younger brother. They have no word to express Indian. Tahat signifies people. The whites are termed chichina- bro, reasonable beings.

Face and eyes are expressed by the same word.

Ear, nanah; the leaves of a tree are called its ears.

Snow and ice are the same.5

Tobagnar, the whole earth ; lahur, a portion of it, a piece of land.

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 7

Caller, forest. No word to signify tree, all varieties have their special names. Cabatcho, good looking. Zizu, devil, an evil spirit. Ayopu-cushna, brother-in-law. Qua-o-ar, God. Held in great reverence, and the name was seldom pronounced among them. They gener- ally used the term, Y-yo-ha-riv-gnina, that which gives us life.

LETTER V.

Government, Laws and Punishment.

The government of the people was in the hands of the chiefs, each captain commanding his own lodge. The command was hereditary in a family, descending from father to son, and from brother to brother. If the right line of descent ran out, they immediately elected one of the same kin nearest in blood. Laws in general were made as they were required, with the exception of some few standing ones. Robbery and thieving were unknown among them, and murder, which was of rare occurrence, was punished by shooting the delinquent with arrows until dead. Incest was held in deep abhorrence and punished with death ; even marriages between kinsfolk were not allowed. The manner of death was by shooting with arrows.

All prisoners of war were invariably put to death, after being tormented in a most cruel manner. This was done in presence of all the chiefs, for as war was declared and conducted by a council of the whole, so they had to attend to the execution of enemies in common. A war dance, on such an occasion, was therefore grand, solemn and maddening.6

If a quarrel ensued between two parties the chiefs of

8 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

the lodjre took cognizance in the case and decided accord- ing to the testimony produced. But if a quarrel resulted between parties of distant lodges, each chief heard the witnesses produced by his own people, and then in coun- cil with the chiefs of the opposite side they passed sen- tence. Should they disagree, another chief, impartial, was called in who heard the statements made by the two captains, and he decided alone. There was no appeal from his decision. Whipping was never resorted to as a pun- ishment, restitution being invariably made for damages sustained, in money, food and skins.

If a woman proved unfaithful to her husband and he caught her in the act, he had a right to put her to death, if he chose, without any interference by any of the tribe. But what was more generally practised, he informed the paramour he was at liberty to keep her, and then he took possession of the other's spouse. The exchange was ad- mitted as legal by all concerned, and the paramour would not object.

Although they counted by moons, still they had an- other mode for long periods, which was to reckon from the time the sun was farthest north, till he was at his southern extremity, and then back again. Summer was counted from the time frogs were first heard to croak. This was used to count war scrapes by, and under the recollection of the chief. When other tribes had to be chastised, the chief sent an express to all other lodges. They brought up from children a number of males, who were taught to hear long stories by the chief and to repeat them word for word. In this manner they became so perfect as to be able to recite the longest oration any one could produce.

They were not much given to travel, for they only relate of one who left his people and proceeded north till he

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 9

came to the land where the geese breed. And even ho appears to have possessed that property ascribed to his race, for on his return he informed them of having fallen in with people whose ears reached down to the hips ; others of a small stature ; and finally a people so perfect that they would lay hold of a rabbit or other animal, put it near the mouth, draw a long breath and then throw the rest away ; which on examination was nothing but excre- ment ! They sucked with their breath the essence of the food and so lived without any calls of nature.

LETTER VI.

Food and Raiment. The animal food used by the Gabrielinos consisted of deer meat, young coyotes, squirrels, badgers, rats, go- phers, skunks, raccoons, wild cats, the small crow, black- birds and hawks, and snakes, with the exception of the rattlesnake. A few eat of the bear, but in general it was rejected on superstitious grounds. The large locust or grasshopper was a favorite morsel, roasted on a stick at the fire. Fish, whales, seals, sea-otter and shell-fish formed the principal subsistence of the immediate coast range lodges and Islanders. Acorns, after being divested of the shell, were dried and pounded in stone mortars, put into filterers of willow twigs worked into a conical form and raised on little sand mounds, which were lined inside with two inches of sand ; water added and mixed up ; filled up again and again with more water, at first hot, then cold, until all the bitter principle was extracted ; the residue was then collected and washed free of any sandy particles it might contain ; on settling, the water was poured off"; on being well boiled it became a sort of mush, and was eaten when cold. The next favorite food was the kernel of a species of plum which grows in the

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII. 2

10 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

mountains and islands. It is sometimes called the moun- tain cherry, although it partook little of either, having a large stone wrapped in fibre and possessing little pulp. This, cooked, formed a very nutritious, rich, sweet ali- ment and looked much like dry frijoles. Chia, which is a small, gray, oblong seed, was procured from a plant apparently of the thistle kind, having a number of seed vessels on a straight stalk, one above the other like sage. This roasted and ground made a meal which was eaten, mixed with cold water, being of a glutinous consistence and very cooling. Pepper seeds were also much used, likewise the tender tops of wild sage. Salt was used spar- ingly, as they considered it having a tendency to turn the hair gray. All of their food was eaten cold or nearly so.

The men wore no clothing ; the women of the interior wore a short waist skirt of deer-skin, while those of the coast had otter-skin. Covering for sleeping consisted of rabbit-skin quilts.7 The women wore ear-rings, the men passing a piece of cane or reed through the ear lobe. The ear-rings of the women were composed of four long pieces of whale's tooth ground smooth and round, about eight inches in length, and hung, with hawks' feathers, from a ring of abalone shell. Their necklaces were very large and heavy, and consisted of their money beads, of beads made of black stone8 and pieces of whales' teeth, ground round and pierced. They used bracelets of very small shell beads on both wrists.

LETTEE VII.

Marriages. Chiefs or captains had one, two, or three wives, as their inclinations dictated. Their subjects only one. When a person wished to marry, and had selected a suit-

CALIFORNIA. 1 1

able partner, he advertised the same to his relations. On the day appointed, the male portion of the lodge and male relations living at other lodges, brought in their

contributions of shell-bead money, generally to the value of twenty-five cents each. The contribution ready, they proceeded in a body to the residence of the bride where all of her relations were assembled. The money was then di- vided equally among them, the bride receiving nothing, as it was a purchase. After a few days, the bride's female relations returned the compliment in taking to the bride- groom's dwelling baskets of meal made of Chia, which was distributed among his male relations. These prelim- inaries over, a day was fixed for the ceremony, which consisted in decking out the bride with innumerable strings of beads, paint and skins. Being ready, she was taken up in the arms of one of the strongest of the tribe who carried her, dancing, towards her sweetheart's habi- tation, all her family connections dancing around and throwing food and edible seeds at her feet at every step, which were collected by the spectators as best they could in a scramble. The relations of the groom came and met them, taking away the bride from the carrier and doing the duty themselves, as likewise joining in the ceremonious walking dance. On arriving at the bridegroom's lodge, who was within waiting, the bride was inducted into her new residence, placed beside her husband, and baskets of seeds emptied on them to denote blessing and plenty. These were likewise scrambled for by the spectators, who, in gathering up all of the " seed cake," departed, leaving them to enjoy their honeymoon according to usage. The bride never visited her relations from that day forth, but was at liberty to receive their visits.

Should the husband beat the wife and ill-treat her, she gave advice of it to her lodge, when her relations col-

12 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

lected all the money which had been paid at her marriage, took it in deputation to the husband's lodge, left it with him and led off the wife, whom they married immediately to another.

LETTER VIII.

Birth and Burial. Immediately on the birth of a child, the mother and in- fant were purified, in the following manner : In the centre of a hut a large hole was dug, and an immense fire was kindled in which large stones were heated until red- hot. When nothing remained but hot embers and the stones, bundles of wild tansy were heaped on the same and covered all over with earth, with the exception of a small chimney or aperture. The mother had then to stand over the aperture with her child wrapped up in a mat, flannel fashion ; water was then poured by degrees in at the opening which caused immense quantities of steam or vapor, causing the patient to hop and skip a little at first and provoked profuse perspiration afterwards. When no more steam was procurable, the mother and child lay down on the heap, covered up, until the steam- ing was renewed again. Three days was the term of purification, morning and evening being the times of sweating. No food was allowed the mother during that time, and her drink (water) was warmed. She was now alloAved to eat of everything at discretion, with the ex- ception of animal food, which was debarred her for two months. Her diet at length complete, three pills were prepared of the size of a musket ball composed of one part of meat and one part of wild tobacco. These swal- lowed, she was allowed to eat meat; but she was not per- mitted to share her husband's bed until the child was able to run.

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 13

When a person died all the kin collected to lament and mourn his or her loss. Each one had his own peculiar mode of crying or howling, and one could be as easily distinguished from the other, as one song from another. After lamenting awhile, a mourning dirge was sung in a very low tone, accompanied by a shrill whistling by blow- ing into deers' bones. Dancing can hardly be said to have formed a part of their rites, as it was merely a monoto- nous action of the foot by stamping on the ground. This was continued until the body showed signs of decay, when it was wrapped up in its covering with the hands across the breasts and tied from head to foot. A grave having been dug in their burial place, the body was in- terred according to the means of the family, by throwing in seeds, etc.9 If deceased was the head of a family, or a favorite son, the hut was set fire to, in which he died, and all of his goods and chattels burned with it, reserving only some article with which to make a feast at the end of twelve months.

LETTER IX.

Medicine and Diseases.

Medicine men10 were esteemed as wizards and seers, for they not only cured disease, but caused disease and poi- soned people ; made it rain when required ; consulted the Great Spirit and received answers ; changed themselves into the form of diverse animals, and foretold coming events.

The medicine man collected the poison used for dipping the heads of arrows. Fire was supposed to destroy its hurtful properties, consequently the flesh of animals so killed were eaten without anv misgivings. The Seers pretended not only to know poisons which destroyed life by giving it internally, but also others which the simple

14 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

touch was sufficient to produce the desired effect ; and that some were instantaneous, and that others required one, two, or even twelve months before action took effect.

Rheumatism comprised nearly all the general com- plaints. Syphilis11 was unknown. Toothache seldom troubled them. Rheumatism was treated by applying a string of blisters, each the size of a dime, to the affected part. The fur off the dry stalks of nettles was used for blistering; this was rolled up, compressed, and applied with saliva ; then fire was applied, when it burned like punk ; as one was extinguished, another was lit. For lumbago, they drank of a sweating herb and lay down for twenty or thirty hours in hot ashes. Fever was treated by giving a large bolus of wild tobacco mixed with lime (of shells), causing vomiting, besides other herbs and manipulations of the Seer.

Local inflammation was scarified with pieces of sharp flint and procuring as much blood as possible from the part. Paralysis, stagnation of the blood, etc., was treated by whipping the part or limb, with bunches of nettles for an hour or two, likewise drinking the juice of thorn apple which caused ebriety for two or three days. Decline (of rare occurrence) was treated by giving the cooked meat of the mud turtle for a period of time.

Shell lime was well known, but none made from lime- stone. For an emetic, it was mixed with wild tobacco and taken immediately in bolus, but in a more agreeable form it was pounded up and formed into a cake, and used in fragments as required.

Strangury was treated by sweating, as in the lying-in woman, only marsh mallows were employed instead of tansy ; then a large bolus of chewed tobacco produced general taxation and prostration which often produced relief at once. If this failed, drawing blood by sucking

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 15

the abdomen immediately above the bladder hardly ever failed to give relief. This operation was performed with a great many rites, prior to the suction, such us smoking to the Great Spirit, pressure and frotation [sic] of the ab- domen with the hands, and a song at the end of every verse concluded with the words

Non im mainoc, ni mainoc, Non im mainoc, ni mainoc,

Yobarc ! " I do, what I am doing, I do, what I am doing,

Oh Church ! "

Bites of snakes were cured by the application of ashes and herbs to the wound, and herbs and ashes and the fine dust found at the bottom of ants' nests given internally.

Ked clay was sometimes applied to the hair, covering it all over, and allowing it to remain for twenty-four hours when it was washed off, to prevent the hair from splitting.

Chilicotes were burnt to charcoal and applied morning and evening to cure baldness.

LETTER X.

Tradition. There were seven brothers who married seven sisters — according to their respective ages — who lived in a large hut together. The husbands went daily to hunt rabbits, and the wives to gather flag-roots, for food. The hus- bands invariably returned first, and on the wives' arrival reported always bad luck in hunting, with the exception of the youngest brother who invariably handed his wife a rabbit. Consequently the poor women fared badly in regard to animal food. This continued as a daily occur- rence for a length of time, until in a conference held by

16 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

the women they expressed a conviction of being cheated by their husbands, declaring it strange that with the sole exception of the youngest husband, nothing was ever killed. At the same time to find out the truth, they agreed that the youngest should remain at home the fol- lowing day under pretence of toothache and watch the return of the party. Next day the men as usual took their bows and arrows and set forth. The six sisters then departed, leaving the other hidden among flags and rushes at the back of the house, in such a position as to command a view of everything transacted within. Sev- eral hours before sunset the hunting party returned laden with rabbits, which they commenced roasting and eating, with the exception of one which the youngest put apart. The others called him a fool, telling him to eat the rabbit, which, however, he refused to do, saying he esteemed his wife a little and always intended to reserve one for her. M More fool you," said the others, " we care more for our- selves than for them." The feast concluded, the bones were carefully gathered together and concealed in a suit- able place outside. After some time, the youngest wife arose and presented herself in the hut, to the surprise of the males, who asked her where she came from ? "I have been asleep at the back of the house," answered she, "and I have only this minute awoke, having had to remain be- hind from toothache." After a while the women came home, who ran to their sister asking for her health. They soon found an opportunity to leave the hut and learn the results of the espionage, besides visiting the place where the bones were deposited. They cried very much and talked over what they should do. " Let us turn to water," said the eldest. This was objected to by all the rest, saying that their husbands would then drink them, which would never do. The second proposed that they

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 17

should turn into stones, which was likewise rejected, be- cause they would be trod upon. The third wanted them to turn into trees; rejected, as their husbands would use them for firewood ; and so on until it came to the turn of the youngest, who proposed they should change them- selves into stars ; an objection was made on the ground that their husbands would always see them, which was at length overruled from the circumstance of being out of reach. They accordingly went to the lagoon where they procured flagroots, and making an engine (flying concern) out of reeds, they ascended to the sky and located them- selves as the seven stars.

Only the youngest brother appeared to be vexed at the loss of his wife, and sought her daily. One day, having wandered to the edge of the lagoon, his wife had compas- sion on him and spoke, directing his attention to the ma- chine they had made, telling him to ascend. He did so, but not wishing him in their immediate vicinity, he was placed a little way off.

A song survives, having reference to the seven stars.

LETTER XI.

Sports and Games. Few games, and of a gambling nature. The principal one was called churcMrJci (or peon, Spanish). It con- sists in guessing in which hand a small piece of stick was held concealed, by one of the four persons who composed a side who sat opposite to each other. They had their singers who were paid by the victorious party at the end of the game. Fifteen pieces of stick were laid on each side, as counters, and a person named as umpire, who, besides keeping account, settled the debts and prevented cheating, and held the stakes. Each person had two pieces of wood, one black and one white. The white

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII. 3

18 HUGO REID'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

alone counted, the black being to prevent fraud, as they had to change and show one in each hand. The arms were crossed and the hands hidden in the lap ; they kept changing the pieces from one hand to the other. Should they fail to guess right, he lost his peon, and counters allotted to the others, and so on until the counters were gone, or all the peons killed, when the others had a trial. They bet almost everything they possess. The umpire provided the fine and was paid by the night.

Another game called charcharake was played between two, each taking a turn to throw with the points down eight pieces of split reed, eight or ten inches long and black one side.

Another game, called hararicnar, consisted in throwing rods or canes of the length of a lance, at a ring put in motion, and see who could insert it. The ring was made of buckskin with a twig of willow inside, and four inches in diameter. This is not played now.12

Football was played by children and by those swift of foot. Betting was indulged in by the spectators.

LETTER XII.

Legend. In Muhuvit,13 which lies behind the hills of San Fer- nando, a woman married a captain of Verdugas. The woman was very stingy and selfish, and when the people brought them roasted rabbit, she devoured it alone and never invited any one to eat with her. The young chiefs would surround her, but she never invited any of them. They returned to their houses, and when their mothers inquired if they had partaken of the feast, said no. Then the people got angry about it, and asked the hus- band to send her home again to her mother. She, by this time, had a daughter. Old men spoke with him ;

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 19

do what you like, said the husband. The old men accord- ingly ordered the people to hunt rabbits as usual, but to stuff them, before roasting, with pieces of wet buckskin, lizards, and other unpalatable reptiles. They did so be- fore giving the repast. The old man asked of the chief, what was to be done with the daughter, whether to take her away or not? "Leave her," said he, "to die with her mother." This day, however, she invited her spectators, for on taking out the leg of a toad, she inquired what it was? "It is a quail," she was answered. "Eat it thou, then," said she, and so she proceeded, taking out strange substances and giving them away. An order was like- wise given to refuse her water, and being very lazy, it was presumed she would not go to the spring. The re- past gave her great thirst. " Give me water !" but none was procurable. She proceeded from hut to hut, with like success, until she arrived at the last, where a large basket of urine was prepared for her ; she nearly finished it at three sups, only leaving a little for her daughter. This occurred every day ; at the end of ten days, all her hair fell out, and from being very pretty, she became old and wrinkled. Seeing herself in such a state, she deter- mined to return to her father, and taking her daughter in her arms, she left ; but on the road, she repented, having taken her daughter, and said, "What a fool I am to be carrying this load, as if they liked me so much." So she threw it away. After going some little distance she looked back and seeing the little infant stretch out its little arms to her, her heart softened, and she exclaimed, "What fault has it committed?" she turned back and took it up again. She went on and on until she got so weak she could go no farther ; at last she was at a great rock, when she took the child by the heels and dashed its brains out, the blood of which is still visible at this day.

20 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

Many affirm the child did not die but turned into a squirrel.

Then the mother went on alone until she came to the place where her mother usually kept her seeds and acorns, and lay down with the Charnuca. At length her mother came to take out food, and on putting in her hand gave a loud cry and jumped back. "Yes, be afraid of me," said the daughter, " after all the injury you have heaped on me by marrying me to a man who did not care for me." The mother then heard the story, and left to in- form the father, taking him out of the hut so no one might hear it.

The father proceeded with his wife to take food to their daughter, and every day they brought her the same, and herbs to drink so as to restore her to health and purge her of the filth she had eaten ; also to restore her hair and ej^ebrows, which she had lost, they applied the fat or oil of the hamisar, a black berry. In three moons she was well again, fat, young and beautiful, hair nearly equal to her father's and brother's, which reached to the ground. She was commanded then by her father, to go and bathe herself daily in her brother's bathing place. She did so, and the brother from seeing the water when he came, not limpid as usual, suspected something. At last coming one day, shortly after the other had done, he was convinced, and more so on finding a hair half the length of his own. This troubled him much, that others were bathing in his well, and he became sad. At last, arriving one day, he caught her in the bath, and saying, "so it is you who daily dirty the water of my well," caught her by the leg and threw her out ; she fell back and he beheld her nakedness. This caused her so great grief and shame, that she left and proceeded to the seashore to drown herself. She made a run twice to throw herself into the sea but each

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 21

time turned back, but the third [sic] time accomplished it. The brother returned to the house and told his mother of having found au unknown woman in his bath and threw her out of it and saw her nakedness. The father and mother left the hut together, and on seeking their daughter could not find her. "She has gone from shame," said the mother; "Where shall we find her?" The father took the twig of a willow, made a ring of it, and covered it with buckskin ; this was thrown to the north, it returned again ; he threw it to the south, and the same result ; he then threw it east ; then west, the ring following all the turnings and windings of the daugh- ter. The father followed the ring until it came to the sea- shore. "She has drowned herself," said he, when he saw the ring enter the ocean. He returned, debating with himself whether it was better to punish his son first, or the chief of Verdugas ; he determined on the former first. On arriving home he told his wife who cried bitterly, which amazed the people much. Calling together all of his people, he told them they must take his son with them on a hunting excursion and let him be killed by wild beasts. His son was accordingly decked out in all his ornaments and money beads and told to go with the people hunting, when they were to stay out all night. He went, and they slept out, and the next morning a fire was kindled at which all were warming themselves. One of the old Seers had brought a screech owl with him, hidden, which was no other than the father of the boy, which he let out and frightened all the people who ran off leaving the boy alone, when a large bird, the Cuwot (cry cu, nothing of which, save its shadow, had ever been seen), said to be the boy's father in another form, came and took him up. Then the people came back crying, "the Cmvot has carried off the chief's son." As they came up, the bones came

22 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

tumbling down from above. The bones were then buried and the people returned to their huts.

Shortly afterwards, the chief saw some one coming and went to meet him ; w Where are you going, where are you from ? " " From Verduga." " Oh ! " said the chief, " How are you getting on there ? " " Very well, the chief is get- ting another wife, and a great feast is preparing." "Be it so," said he, " they have laughed much at me, now we shall laugh and all perish together. What were they do- ing when you left this morning? " "The women had all gone to gather prickly pears." Hearing this, he went to where the women were gathered, and said, " What are you gathering so many prickly pears for ? " " For the feast," said they, "as the captain is to be married." " Take a sieve," said he to an old woman, "and fill it with tunas14 and sift the fine thorns into my eyes." She re- fused ; he insisted and the others told her to do as com- manded. He opened his eyes wide and she commenced, when all of the women set up a wail at once. They were blind. He burst out laughing and said, " Now I laugh, it is my turn now." He left them and went to where the feast was prepared, and going round to the west side changed himself into a huge eagle and went, low down, to where the feast was. On seeing an eagle come, they cried out, " Catch it, catch it !" with the exception of an old woman who was taking care of her grandchildren during her daughter's absence, who immediately covered the children with a blanket, and cried out to the people not to touch the eagle, as it was a human being and not a bird. The people only called her an old liar, and pro- ceeded to catch it, which they did. " Let us pull its wings off," said they, and they did so. Blood gushed out from one side and green matter from the other. Fever and bilious vomiting commenced among them, and killed

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 2.'i

all of the people but the old woman and her two grand- children. The old woman had to bury the dead the best way she could and to burn the things. The eagle soared up above and never more was heard of.

The old woman brought up the young ones, and when old enough, she constructed a bow with arrow for the boy, and a batea for the girl, teaching the one how to shoot and the other to clean seed. The boy, at last, killed first a lizard, then a mouse, then a gopher. When old enough she married them, but shortly after the girl turned out bad ; at first she gave the old woman to eat, but after- wards she refused to give her any meat brought by the husband. The old woman, to be revenged, took an awl made of deer's bone and placing it where the other sat, she hurt herself; she put it into the bath, and again hurt herself. When her husband came home she acquainted him, saying, "I have had injury done me twice, and know I have to die ; at any time you are out in the hills and I die, you will know it by feeling some drops of water fall- ing on your left shoulder." Not long after, when out hunt- ing, he felt the drops as he had been told he would. He threw the bow and arrows away and hastened home. In the meantime the old woman had burned and buried the body. "Where is my wife?" "I have buried her." " Thou hast done this and shalt die for it ; " taking up a billet of wood to knock her brains out, when she changed into a gopher and hid in the ground. The husband re- mained three days and nights by his wife's grave. On the third day he saw a small whirlwind arise which soon gave out, then another a little larger, and a third, still larger, came out of the grave, and he arose and followed it. After going a long distance he perceived footprints on the ground where it passed over. " This is my wife's," said he, and he followed an immense distance, and a voice from

24 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

the whirlwind addressed him and said, " Return to your hut." "No," said he, "I intend going with thee for- ward." "That cannot be," said the spirit, "for I am not as formerly. I am dead to the world, and you cannot go, for no human being can go where I am going, nor can earthly eyes behold our figures ; therefore return." He would not. " Well ," said the voice, " how can I take thee, there is an immense sea to pass." At last finding him positive, she bound him to her waist with her sash, tell- ing him to hold his breath as they went through the air. They arrived at last in the land of spirits where he could see nothing like human forms, and only heard innumer- able voices, exclaiming, " What a stench of something earthly, you must have brought that." The wife ac- knowledged she had, but exculpated herself on the ground that the being she brought was a superior one, being not only a great hunter, but could do anything. "Return him to the earth again, take him away," exclaimed the voices. But one voice at length said, " Let us try him first and see what he can do." He was ordered to climb a pole of great length, and bring down a feather from the top. He felt afraid to ascend, but his wife told him to try, but not to look down while doing so. He accom- plished the feat and there was great applause, when the voices cried out ayopui-cushna — our brother-in-law — is good at climbing. He was then given a long hair and told to split it from end to end. This again made his courage fail, but his wife told him to do it and to have faith. He had faith in her word and the hair split from end to end with ease. " Well done, our brother-in-law," exclaimed the voices. He was told to make a map of the constel- lation of Ursus Major and show the position of the North star. He felt great fear to attempt this as he had seen the Seers do this but had never learned it himself. His

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 25

wife again aided him and he came out triumphant. They then wanted to test his hunting powers, and four of them were dispatched to drive the deer into his range. lie soon heard loud cries of "Brother-in-law, there ffo the deer," but no deer could he see. The spirits ridiculed his hunting. Another trial was made with the same re- sult. At last his wife told him he would be given a third trial and that he must kill this time. "How can I kill deer if there be none," he said. "Did you not perceive black beetles?" said his wife. "Yes." "Well, those arc deer ; things are different here to what they are on earth, kill them." They went on their third hunt, and hearing the cry of "There they go," he saw black beetles coming on the sands. He drew his bow, shot at, and killed one ; it was converted immediately into a fine, fat buck ; this encouraged him, and he slew right and left, until the spirits tolcl him to desist. The game was carried home, he saw the deer lifted from the ground and carried in the air, though he could not see the carriers, although he could perceive their shadows. Great joy was mani- fested by all at his success. " Sister," said the other spirits to his wife, "no one has ever been permitted to return to earth, as thou knowest, but as our brother-in- law is so good and he cannot participate in our company of those joys and pleasures we partake, and on account of the gross materials of which he is formed, out of compas- sion to him, return again to earth." And addressing him they said, "Brother-in-law, return again to the earth with thy wife, but for three days thou art not permitted to co- habit with her, after that time thou art free, but a non- compliance will be attended with disappointment." They left the spirit realms and travelled on earth towards their home, the wife still invisible. At night he built a large fire and lay down ; on awakening before daylight he saw

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII. 4t

26 HUGO REID'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

his wife lying at a short distance. They travelled the second day as before and at night he again made a fire ; on awakening he again beheld her, and although he had re- bellious thoughts, still he restrained himself, for he thought that only one day more and he should triumph. The third day also passed in travel and on awakening that night he saw his wife more distinctly than ever ; love for her was this time more powerful than reason ; the three days are assuredly expired by this time, and he crept towards her. He laid hold of the figure and found an old rotten trunk of a tree in his arms. He remained a sorrowful wanderer on earth till his death.

Whenever this legend was to be told, the hearers first bathed and washed themselves, then came to listen.

The bird Cuwot is still believed in. It is nocturnal in its habits, never seen, but sometimes heard. Its cry was simply Cn. It is said that a man was once carried away by it from the Lodge of Yan (Los Angeles).

Some state that the return of the woman to life after the sonl had fled, could not have happened. It being only a compassionate ruse to get the husband back to earth, to return again at a proper time in the form of a celestial being.

NOTES.

Refers in particular to the sub-tribe located in the vicinity of San Gabriel, usually termed Tobikhar, and known as the Kizh of former investigators. The subdivisions of the Kauvuya tribe are only recognized on account of dialectic differences. The tribe is one of the group composing the Shoshonian lin- guistic family, and formerly extended from the coast to the Colorado river, and from near San Diego, northward to the San Fernando mountains. Later, the tribe was divided into the Serranos, or mountaineers and Playsanos, or lowlanders. Of the latter are the Tobikhar.

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 27

The language is still spoken by a number of people, not- withstanding statements made to the contrary. The words Cahuilla and Coahuilla should be abandoned, as they are Liable to cause confusion with a similar name, of a distinct stock, in Mexico. The word Verdugos also occurs as Verdugas, in Letter XII. 2. The herds of cattle and horses owned by the Missions were grazed in favorable localities, each herd being under the con- trol of a chief herder and the necessary number of assistants. The chief herder's duty was, also, to have every animal branded, a record of which was kept in the shape of a notched stick, or Bali, which was regularly submitted to the major domo of the Mission. Fig. 1 represents a stick of this kind, now in the collection of Mr. Coronel of Los Angeles.

The stick is about twenty-four inches in length, and three- fourths of an inch thick in diameter, each way. The handle has the edges bevelled and upon each of the four faces thus pro- duced are the characters I, II, X, > , signifying respectively bull, cow, heifer and ox. For cattle, the end opposite the handle is notched, thus giving the rude idea of horns. For horses, the end is pointed, in imitation of the sharp ear of a horse. When the stick is used by a herder of horses, the same marks are used, upon the handle, as for cattle, but with the signification, in order, as follows : stallion, mare, colt, gelding. Whenever an animal is branded, a notch is cut into the sharp ec\ge of the proper stick, and upon the line of the char- acter on the handle to designate the sex or age of the sub- ject. Thus an accurate record was kept of all stock handled, a custom and method which was copied by the Mexican herders and retained until a few years ago.

Notched sticks were also used by the herders and laborers to record their accounts with the major domo. These sticks were nicely worked out of dogwood, polished, though not quite as long as the above. Only two sides were used, one bearing the character 1X1, for money, and a simple line cut cross- wise, for work. On the money side there were notches for reals and long cuts, extending across the stick, for dollars. Upon the opposite side notches for clays worked, and lines across the surface for weeks. In this manner credit could be given on the "money side," and there was always exactness between these stick records and those kept in proper form by the superiors.

Other records were also examined by the writer, in which

28 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

the authors had recourse to paper; at the top of the sheet was a representation of the brand used, and beneath the regular number of short and long lines, denoting the decimal system of recording. Sometimes small rings were inserted at every tenth point, instead of the longer vertical stroke.

When a rancheria possessed cattle only, there was no neces- sity for notching the end of the stick to denote " cattle," as there was no cause for error. Consequently the sticks were cut off transversely, without any specific pointing or notching. The same was adopted, also, where horses were owned, ex- clusively.

Tattooing was practised and nearly all of the older mem- bers of the tribe still bear faint lines upon the chin; this is noticeable to a greater extent among the women than the men. At present, personal ornamentation is done in colors only, applied in the form of vertical lines upon the chin, transverse bars upon the cheeks, or both. The tattoo design worn by a land-owner, formerly served as a property mark by being cut or painted, upon trees or posts selected to indicate the boun- daries. These marks were almost equivalent to the owner's name, and were known to the remainder of the tribe. In this respect of engraving tattoo marks upon the bark of trees, there is great resemblance to a custom prac- tised by the natives of New Zealand, where the facial deco- rations of a dead man are reproduced upon trees near his grave ; this is equal to an autograph and can be readily inter- preted by a native.

Knotted cords were used by some of these Indians, in busi- ness transactions, a custom adopted after their northern neighbors, the Palonies, — a sub-tribe of the Chemehuevi, — so called by the Spanish settlers, on account of wearing the hair cut so short as to suggest the idea of "baldheadedness." The method of using knotted cords was in the following manner : Each year the Paloni selected a certain number of their tribe to visit the settlement to sell native blankets, and every one who sent goods provided the salesman with two cords, twisted out of the hair of some animal, on one of which a knot was tied for every real received, and on the other, the number of blankets sold. When the amount reached one dollar, a double knot was made. Upon the return of the agent, each person would select his own cords, count up the number of blankets sold and the amount received for the goods, for which the seller was responsible.

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 29

3. The combination of the letters g and h is intended to represent

the sound of the Spanish j in mujer ; ach, German, etc., now expressed by the character %. In the MS., Mr. Bled wrote the letter g over the h.

4. During- the time of the writer's recent investigations among the

few Indians remaining in the vicinity of Santa Barbara, he learned the tribal designations of that people, which they gave as Sioqtun'. The band occupying the region about the Cathedral Oaks, was known as the Smiiwitsh. That located nearer the coast, at the Partera, the Saq'pili'. All town villages, i. e., at Santa Barbara, were called Mikique. The Indians formerly living in Santa Cruz Island (now extinct) termed themselves Tslnima. (In the preceding words, the q has the sound of ch, in German nicht). 6. The word, at the present time, is iu'at.

6. Three forms of war-clubs are given in Figures 2, 3 and 4. They

are all made of extremely hard, heavy wood, and in some examples there is evidence of an attempt at ornamentation, done in lines burnt upon the surface, no doubt with a metallic substance. The club represented in Fig. 2, measures thirty- four inches in length, one and a quarter inches in diameter near the handle, and two and a half inches at the opposite end ; Fig. 3 measures eighteen inches in length, the handle two and a half inches in diameter, while the four-sided head, four inches each way, is armed with sharp conical points of wood projecting nearly an inch above the surface. These projections are of hard wood, and are secured by a socket, into which the pieces were driven previous to point- ing.

Fig. 4 is of the same length as the preceding; it has three sides, each face measuring four inches in width, with just sufficient handle to afford a good grasp.

The object represented in Fig. 5 was used as an accompa- niment to the rattle, in dances. Two pieces of hard wood twenty inches long, each two inches broad and a little more than half an inch thick, are secured at the handle with thongs and vegetable gum, allowing the ends of the wooden blades to be about an inch apart. This is shaken, and makes a noise resembling clapping of hands. Fig. 6 is a rattle, made by passing a wooden handle through two boards, each three and three-fourths by four inches in width, over which rawhide is stretched to form a hollow case. Inside of this are seeds, and small stones. The top is ornamented with feathers.

7. Rabbits were killed with the Makana, or boomerang, the form of

30 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

which is given in Fig. 7. The original measures two feet in length in a straight line, one and one-fourth inches across at the handle and one and three-fourths inches at the broadest part. The average thickness is about three-fourths of an inch. The weapon is made of hard wood (apparently dog- wood, or mesquite), and ornamented with various markings which are burnt upon the surface. The end opposite the handle is finished so as to imitate the head of what appears to be a snake.

When viewing the weapon edgewise, it will be observed that considerable curve exists, but it is not known that these Indians were ever acquainted with the art of throwing the Makana so as to produce the strange and erratic motions pur- sued by a boomerang at the hands of a native Australian.

The weapon was thrown near the ground, so as not to pass over a rabbit while it was running. Its general form seems similar to the Zuiii Kleani, and a similar weapon used by the Moqui, a notice of which was first published by the writer in the Trans. Anthrop. Inst, of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. IX, p. 464. 8. The black beads referred to are made of dark, greenish black ser- pentine, some specimens resembling diorite, excepting as to hardness. They vary in size ; the smallest one measuring about, one-fourth of an inch in diameter and one-eighth in thickness, and the largest, known to the writer, measures seven-eighths of an inch in diameter by one and a half inches in length. The perforation in this specimen is one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and presents transverse striae caused by the sand used in drilling.

The shell beads were usually made of Haliotis and Tivola. Shell money-beads were flat, and about one-third of an inch in diameter. Other beads used for necklaces were cylindri- cal or sub-cylindrical, larger in the middle than toward either end. Many of them, found in graves, present the same style of delicate perforations as we find in the beads from Santa Cruz Island. The writer is of the opinion that these narrow perforations were made by means of sea lions' whiskers as drills, and extremely fine silicious dust. The channels are scarcely large enough to admit a good sized thread, and in several beads which have split lengthwise it is apparent that drilling was done from both ends, as the perforations cease a short distance beyond the middle of the bead, thus passing one another, perhaps less than the tenth of an inch. It is evident, from the appearance of other unfinished specimens

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. ,'J1

that the boring was begun by using a stone drill — of which many and various forms occur— after which the bristle was applied. The channels are slightly conical toward the outer end, and at about one-fourth the length of the shell there is a constriction beyond which and near the middle of the bead, the channel again becomes wider, assuming an elliptical form. No doubt the rapid rotary motion of a flexible drill would cause sufficient divergence to produce such an effect. In addition to this, delicate transverse strise are also visible without the aid of a lens. A body was recently discovered on Santa Cruz Island, with which was obtained a bunch of these bristles carefully wrapped from end to end. Further- more, it is well known that Chinamen on the Pacific coast purchase all the bristles of the sea lion that can be obtained, paying twenty-five cents apiece therefor, to be prepared and sold as tooth-picks.

Most of the shells required for use were obtained at the Santa Catalina Islands. These, as well as the islands oppo- site Santa. Barbara, are fine localities for Haliotis shells even at this time. The Serpentine, used in making beads, ollas and large rings, was also obtained at the islands first named. 9. Between Los Angeles and the coast, near San Pedro, gravestones were erected to the memory of the deceased, or, perhaps simply to identify the location of the body, so that his friends might come to offer food, and to mourn. Fig. 8 represents the etchings upon a piece of sandstone slab obtained from the above mentioned locality. On account of the fracture of the specimen, and the loss of, perhaps, important parts, only a few characters are visible, but these, resembling whales, were evidently carved there to show that the deceased had been a fisherman or whale hunter. Such a custom prevails very extensively among the Kiate/amut Innuit of southern Alaska. There, the profession of a man, and even a woman, is carefully recorded upon wooden slabs. 10. The term Shaman is more appropriate in this connection. The Seer was an individual whose profession was distinct from that of the Shaman. With some tribes there are Rain- makers, etc. During the performance of religious or profes- sional ceremonies, the Shaman resorts to many and various utterances and movements not understood by the unitiated. Rattles, small dried animals or skins, curiously shaped veg- etable growths, rare sparkling minerals and wrought stones of odd forms, are employed as fetishes. Among the last named the writer found both oblong and pyriform polished

32 HUGO RIED'S ACCOUNT OF THE INDIANS

stones, such as have hitherto been considered, and described, as " plummets, plumb-bobs, sinkers, and weights." An old Tobikhar said that such stones would require too much time and labor to be used only to cast into the sea. The Indians term them " medicine stones," and consider them as possess- ing medicinal properties.

That the Shaman also prepared arrow-poison, there is no doubt. Nearly all of the tribes between the Pacific ocean and the Rocky mountains had more or less knowledge of plants, insects, or other materials, which rendered it capable of pro- ducing septicaemia in any person or animal wounded thereby. For more extended information by the present writer, re- specting the methods of preparation, and the tribes by whom used, see Bull. Society d' Anthropologic de Paris, Vol. VI, 3rd Series, 1883, p. 205, et seq. ; Verhandl. Berliner. Gesell. fur Anthrop. Ethnol. und Urgesch., 1880, p. 91, et seq.

11. Although the author says that siphylis was unknown, there is

every reason to suppose that this disease made its appear- ance among the coast and island Indians at a very early day. A skull, which the writer obtained at Santa Cruz Island — and has in his possession still, — shows great destruction over the left parietal bone, beginning at the temporal bone and extending backward and upward, so as to embrace the surface of nearly the lower half of the temporal, while on the frontal bone the erosion extended to greater depth, taking in part of the external portion of the supra orbital ridge, thence upward for about one inch and across the forehead to a point above the middle of the right orbit.' In the middle of these eroded areas are the more recent deposits of bony matter, forming, what may have been a healthy reconstruction of the parts. The skull is an extremely interesting one, and the only specimen of this kind known to the writer to have been obtained at that locality. From the general style of burial, and the primitive forms of the relics obtained from the grave, there is every reason to believe that the body was not of receut years.

12. This game was played by many tribes of Indians, and was called

" Chunkee " by Adair, who observed it among the Muskoki. The writer saw it played by the Coyotero Apaches, in 1871, at Camp Apache, A. T., and an extended notice of the subject was printed in the American Naturalist, 1878, Vol. XII, pp. 478-481.

The Indians at Santa Barbara also played a similar game, using a barrel-shaped stone ring, three inches in diameter

OF LOS ANGELES CO., CALIFORNIA. 33

and four in length, at which the players shot arrows, the idea being to penetrate the hole while the ring was in motion. The players stood upon either side of the course.

13. Probably the country of the Mojaves, the tribal name of which is

Amo/awi or Amo/arai. The western range of their territory formerly extended along the northern slope of the San Fer- nando range, but how far westward is not known,

14. Tuiias, generally known as prickly pears, are the edible fruit of

several varieties of Opuntia, or broad-leaved cactus. These were sometimes crushed and mixed with the meal of seeds or acorns. Many of the mortars found in southern California, are merely circular, flat stones, having a slight depression on one side upon which the pounding was done. To prevent the scattering of seed, a funnel-shaped basket was constructed, similar to those used for carrying fruit, etc. ; the lower apex was cut off allowing the hole to be nearly as large as the stone mortar. The cut edge of the basket was then temporarily se- cured to the mortar by applying a thick coating of bitumen. The basket thus served as a hopper. When the surface of a mortar became smooth by use, it was again roughened by pecking it with a sharp piece of quartz or chalcedony, both of which are abundant.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII. 5

1425142

y\ o ff T, a.K , 5 e\ .

OPENING OF HATTERAS INLET

COMMUNICATED BY WILLfAM L. WELCH.

Hatteras Inlet is on the coast of North Carolina, be- tween Cape Hatteras and Ocracoke Inlet, about twelve miles from the Cape, southwest ; and fourteen miles north- east of Ocracoke.

It is mentioned in Blunt's Coast Pilot, but not in the Gazetteers, or Encyclopaedias : it is surprising that no ac- count of this Inlet and harbor so remarkable in itself, and of so much interest in the late war, by reason of the Burn- side Expedition passing through it, can be found in any of these books of reference.

The writer was stationed at Hatteras Inlet in the summer of 1864, for about a month, and was then told by one of the native pilots (Reuben Quidley) that the place where the inlet is, and the water three or four fathoms deep, used to be dry, solid land, and that he (Quidley) had often walked over it.

When in Jan., 1884, the writer undertook to determine the date of the opening or cutting through of this Inlet, he consulted everything attainable, without success, and as a last resort, wrote (Jan. 12th) to the U. S. Coast Survey at Washington, D. C, for such particulars as they could and would communicate. In the answer to this (elated Jan. 21st) the information was received, that the first survey of the place in question, was made in 1850, and the results were published in the Coast Survey Reports for 1851 — and fur- ther

(37)

38 OPENING OF HATTERAS INLET.

" No mention is made of the inlet having been recently formed. I have written to the officer who made this survey and also to others who from their age and interest in the locality would be likely to know something of it, and so far as any of them know, the inlet has existed from remote times. Can your question refer to Oregon Inlet, at Boclie's Island, considerably higher up the coast? That inlet was formed by the hurricane of Sept. 8, 1846."

This answer was not satisfactory, and Jan. 25th, a commu- nication was sent to Hon. Thos. J. Jarvis, Governor of North Carolina, asking the same questions, and giving the result of the enquiry at Washington, as set forth above. Jan. 28th the Governor replies :

" There was a time in the present half century when there was no Hatteras Inlet. It was cut out in some great storm within that time. I cannot to-day give you the exact date, but will do so soon."

This was encouraging, but the matter lay dormant until a letter was received from Gov. Jarvis, dated April 14, as follows :

"After considerable delay, I have at last got upon the track of the information you desired as to the opening of Hatteras Inlet. It took me some time to get hold of a man who could fix the exact time. I have inquired of many and most of them like myself had a general idea of the fact that it was cut out some forty years ago."

A letter dated April 22d was next received from Gov. Jarvis, enclosing one from Col. Jno. D. Whitford of New Berne, N. C, to the Governor, and one from Eeclding R. Quidlcy, Esq., of Hatteras Inlet to Col. Whitford. Col. Whitford's letter contained an account of a chart in his pos- session dated 1738, made by James Wimble, on which an inlet is shown between Ocracoke Inlet and Cape Hatteras ; and Mr. Quidley's letter contained an account of the cut- ting through of the present inlet in Sept. 1846.

Here was a starting-point, and the next step was to determine, if possible, when the old inlet closed, where it

OPENING OF HATTER AS INLET. 39

was situated, and if it could or could not be identified with the present inlet. The writer in the meanwhile had sent a letter to the Secretary of War, asking for, and had re- ceived (through the Engineer Department), "Appendix (i of the Annual Keport of the Chief of Engineers for L876, containing the Annual Report upon the Improvement of

Eivers and Harbors in North Carolina." In this,

the report of S. T. Abert, U. S. Civil Eng. to Brig. Gen. A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Eng. U. S. A., has a "Table showing comparative conditions of the Inlets on the coast of North Carolina at different dates," giving with others the condition of Hatteras Inlet as shown by maps of Hariot 1585, Lawson 1708, Wimble 1738, Mouzin 1775, Atlantic Neptune 1780, Lewis 1795, and U. S. Coast Survey 1875. In each and every one of these charts or maps, Hatteras Inlet is indicated as being open, and the table shows that the Engineer that compiled it, understood, and intended to convey the impression, that the same inlet was there in 1875 that existed in 1585 and that it was at the same place on the coast.

A search by the writer among the old charts in possession of the Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., was the means of discovering a "Chart of the Coast of America from Cape Hateras to Cape Roman from the actual Surveys of Daniel Dunbibin, Esq." This chart is bound with others in " The American Pilot" published at Boston by William Norman, Book and Chart seller, an edition of 1794. This chart has no inlet between Cape Hatteras and Ocracoke, and gives 4 fathom of water on bar at Ocracoke, and 9 ft. 6 in. shoalest water on bar inside. A careful perusal of the available histories of North Carolina in the Boston Public Library was made, and in Vol. 2 of Martin's History of North Carolina, page 184, this paragraph occurs:

40 OPENING OF HATTERAS INLET.

11 17C4. A chart of the sea coast having been made by Daniel Dun- bibbin, was this year published by his widow, to whom the legislature allowed a small premium."

This last information seems to indicate that the charts of Mouzin 1775, Atlantic Neptune 1780, and Lewis 1795 (mentioned before) are, as regards an inlet between Cape Hatteras and Ocracoke Inlet entirely wrong, and are simply copies of Wimble's or some other older chart. The letter of Mr. Quidley, received in April through Col. Whitford and Gov. Jarvis, was dated at Hatteras Inlet, N. C, Apr. 7, 1884, and says :

11 1 will say in regard to your request, that Hatteras Inlet was cut out by a heavy gale, a violent storm on the 7th of Sept., at night, 1846. The first vessel that passed through into Pamlico Sound, was schooner Asher C. Havens, on the 5th day of Feb'y, 1847, Capt. David Barrett, Commander : I was pilot of said schooner, conducted her through all safe. No other vessel had ever passed through the Inlet.

The first vessel that ever crossed over the bar of Hatteras Inlet was in Jan., '47. I was then a licensed pilot for Ocracoke Inlet, got on board to pilot the schooner into Ocracoke, wind came ahead, I went into Hatteras Inlet for harbor, stayed all night, went out next morn- ing and went into Ocracoke. I cannot give any correct report what time the first vessel passed out, it was not long after the first passed through ; the second vessel passed through about two weeks after the first, it was a small steamer bound through Core Sound, I piloted it through."

In another letter to the writer of this, Mr. Quidley says :

"I was licensed to pilot at Ocracoke Inlet in 1831; I then lived at Hatteras and when I piloted a vessel in at Ocracoke, which very often would be two, three, or four a week, and walked home to Hatteras, there was nothing to cause me or any one, to have any idea that there would be an inlet there, sooner than any other part of the beach ; there was no water passed over the place except in those heavy east- erly gales, when as a general thing it passes over nearly all our beach from Hatteras to Ocracoke. The day the inlet was cut out, there were several families living where the inlet is now, they had no more thought of seeing an inlet there, than of any part of the beach, but to their great surprise, in the morning they saw the sea and sound

OPENING OF HATTERAS INLET. 41

connected together, and the live oaks washing up by the roots and tumbling into the ocean. I was well acquainted with the growth of the land where the inlet now is, I lived with my brother where the in- let is now. I have worked with him cutting wood and chopping yo- pon, where now, I have no doubt there is three or four fathoms of water; the growth was live oak principally, did not grow tall, but large trunks and spreading limbs. I had an old uncle lived about where the inlet is, who had a fine fig orchard, and many peach trees on his lot, with fine potato patch and garden."

Again he writes :

«• Since I wrote you last, I have conversed with the two oldest men living on this portion of the Banks (one is in his 75th year, the other in his 72d), both born and raised where the inlet is now.

John Austin, the eldest, says he remembers his grandfather very well ; he says he has heard the old gentleman say, there was an inlet about six miles southwest of where the inlet is now ; he states that the old man said there was an English vessel, a ship, ran on the bar of said inlet, and was lost, and the wreck sanded up and the beach made down to it and finally closed up the inlet; Mr. Austin's grand- father's name was Styron ; died Mch. 7, 1825, aged 86 yrs.

The other man I talked with was William Ballance. He says his father died in 1826, 68 years old ; he says he heard his father say that he had seen a piece of wreck standing up, right at, or near the place that Austin speaks of as being the place where the inlet was, and had been told by older people, that it was the stern post of the ves- sel that closed up the inlet. This place that they speak of is about five or six miles from this inlet we have now, between two points known now as « Shingle Creek' and ' Quake Hammock. ' "

In a letter from Mr. Quidley dated Sept. 29, 1884, he

" The Shingle Creek is about 5 miles from Hatteras Inlet, is 40 or 50 yds. wide, makes up through a portion of marsh and a low growth of woods or bushes to the beach, but not through the beach ; and a little to northeast of it there is another creek, about like the one just named, called the " Old Inlet Creek," which I think might take its name from being somewhere near where the inlet was. The " Great Swash" is a level place of beach, nothing growing on it but some grass or sedge next to the sound side, and extends about a mile to next growth of woods called "Knole": the Quake Hammock is a small clump of woods lying between Shingle Creek and Great Swash.

I cannot give the exact time that vessels left off passing through

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII 6

42 OPENING OF HATTERAS INLET.

Ocracoke. I was one of the first Commissioners of Navigation ap- pointed for Hatteras Inlet, I think in 1852 ; there has been but very little passing through Ocracoke Inlet since 1855 ; there is no vessel passes through there now except perchance, that a vessel goes in case of distress of weather, or head winds, and draws light draught of water, 4 or 5 feet."

To sum up : we find on the old charts of the coast of North Carolina from those of 1585, to that of James Wim- ble 1738, an inlet indicated between Ocracoke Inlet and Cape Hatteras and about eight miles northeast of the for- mer, known as Hatteras Inlet, which from the evidence given must have closed near the middle of the last century ; for the chart of Daniel Dunbibbin was published by his widow, in 1764, and this was made from actual surveys, and it has no inlet between Ocracoke Inlet and Cape Hat- teras ; and we must conclude that all charts of that coast quoted in the paper above, made later than Dunbibbin's, are faulty in the matter of this inlet, and are simply copies of some previous chart. We also conclude that the claim of the U. S. Coast Survey authorities that the present inlet at Hatteras has " existed from remote times, " and that of Mr. Abert, that this present inlet is identical with that of 1585 is erroneous ; for the evidence given cannot be controverted that the present Hatteras Inlet was opened by the great gale of Sept., 1846, which was so severe on our southern coast.

This paper and its conclusions are respectfully referred to the U. S. authorities and the publishers of Gazetteers and Encyclopaedias for their adoption.

THROUGH WHICH INLET DID THE ENGLISH AD- VENTURERS OF 1584 ENTER THE SOUNDS OF NORTH CAROLINA.

ALSO SOME CHANGES IN THE COAST LINE SINCE THEIR TIME.

COMMUNICATED BY WILLIAM L. WELCH.

The following extracts are from the report of the voy- age under Amadas and Barlowe (written by Barlowe) made in 1584. After mentioning their arrival upon the coast, they say ;

" We sailed along the same a hundred and twenty English miles be- fore we could find any entrance or river issuing into the sea. The first that appeared unto us we entered, though not without some dif- ficulty, and cast anchor about three harquebus-shot within the haven's mouth, on the left hand of the same."

" This land lay stretching itself to the west, which after we found to be but an island of twenty miles long, and not over six miles broad."

They speak of visits of the Indians, and then say

"After they had been clivers times aboard the ships, myself with seven more went twenty miles into the river that runs towards the city of Skicoak, which river they call Occam; and the evening following, we came to an island, which they call Koanoak, distant from the harbor by which we entered, seven leagues ; and at the north end thereof was a village of nine houses." " Beyond this island there is the main land, and over against this island, falls into this spacious water, the great river called Occam by the inhabitants, on which stands a town called Pomeiock, and six days journey from the same is situate their greatest city called Skicoak." "Into this river falls another great river, called Cipo, in which there is found great stores of muscles, in which there are pearls ; likewise there descendeth into this Occam, another river called Nomopam, on the one side whereof stands a great town called Chawanook." " Towards the southwest, four days jour- ney, is situated a town called Sequotan, which is the southernmost

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44 WHICH INLET DID THEY ENTER?

town of Wingandacoa, near into which, six and twenty years past, there was a ship cast away, whereof some of the people were saved, and those were white people, whom the country people preserved. And after ten days remaining in an out island uninhabited, called Wocokon, they with help of some of the dwellers of Sequotan, fast- ened two boats of the country together, and made masts unto them, and sails of their shirts, and having taken into them such victuals as the country yielded, they departed, after they had remained in this out island three weeks."

This report was accompanied by a sketch of the coast and adjacent country, as they found it, extending from perhaps forty miles north of Roanoke to ten miles south ef it ; it has five inlets drawn on it, the southern one is north of the southern end of Roanoke Island, the next perhaps five miles north of that ; the first one north of Roanoke Island, and also north of an island ap- parently "Collin gton's", is marked "Trinity Harbor", and there are two north of this, the most northern one, might be "Old Currituck Inlet" ; off these most northern inlets, are anchored the two ships of the adventurers, and inside apparently sailing from "Trinity Harbor" to "Roanoke Island" is a boat with one square sail, full of men ; from these, this sketch and the text of their report, the writer concludes that they entered at "Trinity Harbor" north of Roanoke Island, which inlet was about where "Caffey" inlet used to be; that their river Occam was our Albemarle Sound ; that their river Nomopam was our Chowan ; and that Wo- cokon, our Ocracoke, was to them an unknown place; that is, they did not visit it, for if they had, it would be reasonable to suppose their sketch of the coast would have included it. Bancroft in his History of United States says they entered at Wocokon (our Ocracoke) but it is simply an assertion, and can not be proved . Hawks' History of North Carolina gives New Inlet, south of Roanoke Island, as the place of entrance ; and that the Occam was a part of the

WHICH INLET DID THEY ENTER? 45

sound between a line of islands parallel to the coast, one of which was Koanoke ; but, as New Inlet was not open at that time, and the river Nomopam, on which stood "Chaw a- nook" does not fall into Roanoke Sound, this theory fails. Mr. Abert,U. S. Civil Eng. follows Bancroft, and to provide a river Occam, he connects Alligator Eiver with long Shoal River making one long river of them, but the same objec- tion affects his river as that of Hawks' ; he also fails to convince himself that Roanoke Island is seven leagues only from Ocracoke Inlet; most probably his mistake arises from confounding Pomeiock, a town on Albemarle Sound (at or near Edenton) with Pomouik, near Secotan, on or near Mattamuskeet Lake ; other authors place the entrance of Amadas and Barlowe at either Ocracoke or Hatteras Inlet. John W. Moore, in his history of North Carolina, published in 1880, places the entrance at Trinity Harbor "nearly opposite Roanoke Island" ; this last is the nearest of any to what the writer considers the facts, but as the inlet entered was seven leagues from Roanoke Island, Coffey Inlet was in all probability the place of entrance.

SOME CHANGES IN THE COAST LINE SINCE 1584.

Mr. Abert, U. S. Civil Eng., in the Table of Condition of Inlets, in his report to War Dept. in 1876, says the in- let known as Hatoraskin 1590, New in 1738, Gunt in 1775, Gant in 1795, is the same as that known on U. S. C. Sur- vey chart of 1875 as Oregon : in this he is evidently mis- taken, if we may rely on the evidence of the U. S. C. Survey office, that Oregon Inlet was opened in 1846. In the same table, the Hatteras Inlet of to-day is given as being iden- tical with that of 1585 ; but the evidence of R. R. Quidley and other residents of Hatteras, must be taken as conclu- sive, that the present Hatteras Inlet was also opened in 1846. He also says :

46 CHANGES IN THE COAST LINE.

" The same inlets now exist between the outlying islands, and the same shoals are now found off the coast, as were found by the navi- gators of 1584. The beach, banks, barrier reefs, or whatever they may be called, appear to have been much wider than at the present time. This seems to have been notably the case near Cape Hatteras. The preservation of the status of the bars at the inlets for so many years indicates a permanence in the relation of the forces by which they are maintained."

Of the inlets on the coast of North Carolina from near Cape Henry to Ocracoke Inlet, that were open in 1585- 90, not one, except Ocracoke, is open to-day, and Ocra- coke is of little use to navigation : there was no inlet be- tween those near, and north of Roanoke Island, and one which appears on the maps as being at Cape Hatteras. The date of closing of the inlet at Cape Hatteras it is im- possible to give, but that there was one admits of no dis- pute ; the old maps give it, and in the report of the last voyage made by John White in 1590, appears this :

"On the twelfth, in the morning we departed from thence, and toward night we came to an anchor at the northeast end of the island of Croatoan, by reason of a breach which we perceived to lie out two or three leagues into the sea; here we rode all that night." "This breach is in thirty -five degrees and a half, and lays at the very north- east point of Croatoan, where goes a fret out of the main sea into the inner waters which part the islands and the main land."

As was the course in those days, White had made the West Indies first, then the coast of Florida, and was coast- ing along towards Roanoke Island, and the day before the event chronicled above had anchored off Cape Lookout, or near Beaufort. Croatoan was that part of the coast lying northeast and southwest, between old Hatteras Inlet and the inlet at Cape Hatteras.

The latitude given in the extract above would place the breach and fret rather north of the present Cape Hatteras, but an error of 15' to 25' in those days, would not be too much to suppose.

CHANGES IN THE COAST LINE. 47

The trend of the coast to-day from Capo Henry to within twenty-five miles of Cape Hatteras is southeast; for the next twenty-five miles it is nearly due south, except that, from a few miles north of the Cape it is a little to the west of south. The old maps of 1585-90 give, just south of Roanoke Island, a coast line running nearly east, and so far, that the extreme point was far east of Cape Hatteras, then taking a southwest direction to within a few miles of Cape Hatteras ; it must have been on this point that White, in his last voyage, just escaped being wrecked, and here also were hills, designated as " Kenrick's Mount" : some heavy storm, or series of storms, or some great convulsion of nature has entirely carried this away, and perhaps opened Loggerhead and New Inlets. Piatt and Wimble shoals are, perhaps, all there is left of this large extent of land.

The charts of Wimble and Dunbibbin, both give Cape Hatteras as jutting out into the ocean like a sharp elbow, while to-day, the cape as shown by the U. S. Coast Sur- vey charts is rounded in and the point all carried away.

These changes, noted above, are well worthy the atten- tion of the U. S Coast Survey and Engineer Department, U. S. A.

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE

Vol. 17. Salem: Apr., May, June, 1885. Nos. 4-6.

ON THE CARAPAX AND STERNUM OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA.

BY HOWARD AYERS, Ph.D., Ann Arbor, Mich.

The determination of the homology of the carapax and sternum among the Crustacea is rendered difficult by the endless variety of forms assumed by their constituent parts, and the consequent perplexing differences in the relation of these parts to each other. Before stating the conclu- sions and arguments in favor of the solution at which I have arrived after a study of several forms chiefly of the Decapod type, it may conduce to clearness to give in a few words, the main facts and conclusions of the previous writers on this subject.

Although Huxley (1) is the latest writer who expresses views on the homologies of the Crustacean carapax, he offers no new explanation but adheres to the old conception of a fusion of the terga of the fourteen anterior somites into a carapax. He writes (in describing Astacus flu- viatilis) "The carapace, therefore, corresponds in position with the terga and tergal halves of the pleura of all the somites which are thus reflected into it, and these somites

* This paper was prepared in the Mus. Comp. Zool., under the direction of Prof. W. Faxon, in the college year 1882-83.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII. 7 (49)

50 ON THE CARAPAX AND STERNUM

include all, without exception, from the last thoracic to the ophthalmic. * * * " At the sides of the antennulary and antennary somites the rostral prolongation of the car- apace is the direct continuation outward of the epimeraof these somites, and there is nothing to be compared to an apodeme, but the sternum of the ophthalmic somite after giving off the lamella which forms the inferomedian ros- trum, is prolonged on each side of the middle line back- wards and outwards into a free, expanded, thin, calcified process which applies itself against the carapace by its upper surface, and by its under surface gives attachment to the anterior gastric muscles. * * * On the dorsal sur- face there is no indication of any division of the carapace into terga corresponding with the sterna of the somites, but it is marked by a well-defined curved groove. * * * " The accompanying diagram explains his views of the so- mite in Astacus.

Milne-Edwards(2) considers the carapax in the major- ity of the Decapods to consist of a single piece, part of

Diagram of crustacean segment; ept epimerum; es, episternum; s, sternum t, tergum.

which is furnished by the antennary and mandibulary som- ites respectively. This author states, that while in Squilla the carapax belongs almost entirely to the antennary seg- ment, in Limnetis on the other hand, it pertains chiefly to the mandibulary somite. Furthermore, the tergum of the antennulary segment is entirely wanting in the Deca-

OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA. 51

pods. He continues (he. cit.f p. 233), "J'ai fait voir, dans un autre ecrit que le carapace, lors meme qu'elle recouvre la totalite du thorax aussi bien que toute la portion cepha- lique du corps doit etre consideree comme une portion de la tete dont une portion dusquelette s'est developpee d'une maniere excessif, et a chevauche en avant et en arriere sur les parties voisines ; j'ai etabli aussi qu'elle appartenait au systeme des pieces tergales, et qui celles-ci n'etaient fournies ni par les anneaux ophthalmique ou antennulaire, ni par les zoonites cephaliques posterieures. II me parais- soit probable qu'elle dependait de l'anneau antennaire ou de l'anneau mandibulaire, e'est-a-dire du troisieme ou du quatrieme anneau de la t&te, mais qu'elle ne procedait que d'unseul ces zoonites. Les faitsdont il vient d'etre ques- tion permettent de rectifier une partie de ces conclu- sions, et d'arriver a une approximation plus grande de la verite. Effectivement l'arceau cephalique de la carapace des Decapodes me semble ne pouvoir etre qu'une depend- ence de l'anneau antennaire, tant a raison connexions avec les autres pieces du squelette tegumentaire, qu'en conse- quence de l'origine des nerfs clont ses parties molles sont pourvues, puisque ces nerfs proviennent des ganglions cerebroides ou sous-cesophagiens, tandis que les nerfs appartenant au appendices du zoonite suivant, ou anneau mandibulaire, naissent des ganglions post-cesophagiens. Mais l'arceau scapulaire ou posterieur de la carapace de ces Crustaces doit pour des raisons analogues, etre considere comme etant etranger au troisieme zoonite cephalique, et comme appartenant a l'aimeau mandibulaire. La carapace serait done un organ plus complexe que je ne le supposait d'abord, et serait formee par deux anneaux tergaux, depen- dant du troisieme et du quatrieme anneaux de la tete, ar- ceaux qui fournaient d'une inclependance presque complete chez les Pairuriens et les Thalassines, mais ne seraient

52 ON THE CARAPAX AND STERNUM

represents ehez les D^capodes ordinaires que par un seul segment dorsal du a l'ossification diffuse ou fusion des ele- mentes scleroderniique de toute la portion du squelette teg- umentaire correspondant a ces deux arceaux. Mais chez les Crustaces inferieures, la carapace ne parait avoir d'or- dinaire une composition plus simple, et etre formeetantot par les analogues de l'arceau cephaliqne seulement, tantot par les representants de l'arceau scapulaire. Ainsi, chez les Squilles, la portion cephalique de la carapace est tres- devellopee ; mais toute la portion posterieure au scapulaire parait manquer completement, et chez les Limnadies, au contraire, l'espece de coquille bivalve, qui tient lieu d'une carapace ordinaire, me parait etre due au developpement excessif de la portion scapulaire seulement, et dependre de l'anneau mandibulaire, out peut-etre meme de Tun des zoonites suivant. " Owen (3) reflects Milne-Edwards' views throughout as quoted above. Dana (4) differs from Milne-Edwards in that he considers the lateral (ventral) plates of the carapax of crabs to be true terga instead of epimera (he. cit.> p. 27). He infers "that the epistome (or its anterior part) belongs to the second, or to the sec- ond and first normal segments, that is, to the antennulary or to the antennulary and ophthalmic segments. For con- venience of reference I have compiled the following table from the author's statements of his views reoardino- the number of segments and what parts of each enter into the composition of the crab carapax.

1. Ophthalmic somite. Parts entirely wanting; appendages, how- ever, present.

2. Antennulary somite. Sternum present (probably fused with the ophthalmic sternum into one piece) ; the other parts wanting ; appen- dages present.

3. Antennary somite. The parts (sternum, tergum, episternal plate) present.

4. Mandibular^ somite. The sternum, episternal plates, epimeral plates and tergum present.

OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA. 53

After stating in a very clear milliner the facts he had established, the author draws the following conclusions. The carapax of the Bra- chyura includes :

I. The first and second normal segments represented by the e pis to me,

or its anterior position, and the inter-antennary septum.

II. The third normal segment, represented by the main body of the

carapax, and the anterior portion of the prelabial plate or pal- ate.

III. The fourth normal or mandibular segment represented by the

posterior and outer part of the prelabial plate and the ventral pieces of the carapax.

Concerning the carapax of the Macroura the author again differs from Milne-Edwards in designating the lateral and posterior plates of the carapax of Astacus mandibular terga instead of epimera. After a careful comparative descrip- tion of numerous forms both among the Macroura and the lower Crustacea (he. cit., pp. 32-37) in which he men- tions several seemingly adverse cases, the author concludes that the origin of the carapax and the disposition of its parts are essentially the same throughout the class.

From the foregoing extracts it will be seen that Dana's views are in advance of those of the other investigators, but there yet remain several points of interest on which it is desirable to collect further evidence. Both Milne- Edwards and Dana have established with a high degree of probability the origin of the carapax from the terga of the mandibulary and antennary somites, but neither of them succeeded in finding a conclusive demonstration of the fact. In the very young Squilla the thoracic and ab- dominal segments of the body may, by careful dissection, be removed from their connection with the carapax, with- out disturbing the relation of the parts in intimate connex with the latter. In such a preparation the point of attach- ment will be seen to lie immediately behind the mandibu- lary sternum^ fig. 15, z. Since both the opJitJiahnic and the antennulary segments are entire and have no connection

54 ON THE CARAPAX AND STERNUM

with the carapax it follows that the carapax in the young Squilla pertains to the antennary and mandibulary somite — to these and these only. The same is true of the zoea of Porcellana. The relations of the carapax in the young stages of Cancer and Carcinus could not be made out ac- curately, owing to the poor state of preservation of the specimens at my disposal. Among the Brachyurathe ter- gum of the ophthalmic somite is present as a distinct plate beneath the carapax and may be exposed by cutting away the rostral region of the carapax, or it may sometimes be seen from behind (e. g.9 Platyonychus, Actceodes, Scylla). The antennulary tergum, on the other hand, seems to have dis- appeared entirely.

The sternum of the ophthalmic somite, considered by Dana to be wanting among the Brachyura, is present, as it appears to me, in what has hitherto been considered as a portion of the antennary somite and designated the an- tennary septum (compare Huxley, he. cit., p. 296, fig. 76, c). In Actmodes, figs. 4, 6 and 7, the sternum of this somite is a distinct cuneiform body, wedged in be- tween the rostrum and the antennary sternum, but sep- arated from both by sutures.

Its connection is more intimate with the antennary ster- num than with the rostrum. The basal joints of the antennae lie in contact with it, since it helps to form the inner angle of both antennary orbits. This wedge- shaped body extends backward into the facial region and furnishes the calcareous sockets for the bases of the eye- stalks; but has nothing to do with the orbital region. This latter has arisen by the overgrowth of the rostral region (i. e., forwards) which at the same time has been forced downward into the facial area. This growth is well illustrated in the series from Ilomarus, through Lithodesy Platyonychus, Scylla and Cancer, to Actccodes.

OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA. 55

In Cancer, fig. 3, the connection of the ophthalmic with the antennulary sternum is still closer and the former is a much thinner plate. In iScylla, fig. 9, the rostrum is hardly in contact with the ophthalmic sternum, although it is bent down close over it. The suture between the ophthalmic and antennary sterna is obliterated. In Platy- onychus, fig. 1, the fusion between the two sterna is com- plete. In Palinurus, figs. 14 and 16, Lithodes, fig. 11, and Homarus, fig. 5, the rostrum has not encroached up- on the ophthalmic somite and the sternum sustains its nor- mal relations to the appendages.

Antennulary sternum. The antennulary sternum in Actceodes is an elongated, bar-shaped plate extending across the facial area immediately below the antennas. The antennules abut upon its ends, while the ophthalmic sternum is fused to its upper part dividing it into halves. The figure formed by these two plates is that of a short- stemmed T inverted. This plate forms the floor of the antennary sockets. The suture between the antennulary and the antennary sterna is lenticular in form and occu- pied by a semicalcified membrane.

In Cancer, fig. 3 and Platyonychus, fig. 1, the parts in- cluded in the facial area are much less distinct. In Scylla, fig. 9, this sternal plate lies opposed to the upper margin (surface) of the antennary sternum, in the form of a thin calcareous plate. Its relations to the surrounding parts are, however, the same as in Actceodes. In Lithodes, fig. 11, the antennulary sternum resembles in all respects the ophthalmic, and consists of a smooth, scarcely calci- fied membrane stretched between the antennules. In Palinurus, figs. 14 and 16, the antennulary sternum is enormously enlarged and projects forward in the form of a truncated pyramid, equivalent to the " nasal region" of Milne-Edwards. Owing to the unusually large size

5 6 ON THE CARAPAX AND STERNUM

of the antennae, the antennules have their insertion at the anterior end of this plate instead of at the sides as would normally be the case. A narrow extension of the main (fold) plate separates the basal joint of the appendages. In Homarus this sternum is moderately developed and occupies its normal position. There is no indication among the Macro ura or the Brachyura, of the existence of any other parts of the typical somite in either of these two segments.

Antennary and mandibulary somites. As re- gards the sterna of the third and fourth somites in Ohio- rodius and Scylla, I cannot do better than refer to Dana's admirable description (he. cit., pp. 24-28). This des- cription of Chlorodius will apply in every particular to Actceodes, figs. 4, 6 and 7. In Cancer and Platyonichus the facial region is too much fused to admit of any accur- ate distinction of the parts. In Palinurus the antennary sternum is greatly enlarged and forms the lower part of the nasal projection. At its upper termination it furnishes the basal portion of the antennulary sockets : from this point it spreads out rapidly and extends entirely across the ventral surface of the body forming the anterior, lower one-third of the boundary of each antennary socket. The openings of the green glands are near to its outer angle, on the suture separating it from themandibulary sternum. Its connections with the anterior half or cephalic portion of the carapax are very distinct and in the form of a beaded suture. The mandibular sternum is separated from the episternal pieces by a short suture, these latter in turn are separated from the epimerals by a suture passing backward and inward toward the median ventral line. In Lithodesy figs. 11 and 13, and Homarus, figs. 5 and 17, the epister- nals and epimerals of both antennary and mandibulary somites are present and consequently one is able to

ON DECAPOD CRUSTACEA. 57

trace the connection of the two portions of the carapax with comparative ease. The episternals and epimerals of the antennary segment are calcified. The former appear on either side of the epistome or sternum as an oblong plate extending backward, downward and outward and also furnish the upper plate of the entrance to the "ill- chamber. The epimeral plate is folded inward close upon the episternum of either side and is only to be seen when the edges of the carapax are spread apart. The episterna and epimera of the mandibular segment are represented by slightly calcified membranes more or less folded upon themselves. These plates are related to the mandibular sternum in a manner similar to that stated for that of the corresponding plates of the preceding segment. In Squilla the antennary sternum is especially prominent and reaches backward and downward in the form of a half cylinder, the sides of which are formed by the large episternal plates. The carapax is almost entirely made up by the antennary tergum, and the antennary somite furnishes fur- ther, fully one-half of the length of the cephalo-thoracic region of the body of this crustacean. The statement that the terga of the thoracic somites are covered by the ceph- alo-thoracic shield is not strictly true. The first two terga (counting from behind forwards) are entire and free, the third is united by a membrane to the posterior edge of the cephalothorax. The remaining terga are incomplete and unite with the carapax in a line curving from the point of attachment of the third, outwards and forwards on either side of the median dorsal line of the body (fig. 21).

Sternal plates, etc. Milne-Edwards considers the small calcareous plates found at the base of the thoracic appendages, which in the adult state are more or less fused with the sterna of the respective segments, to be the ho- mologues of the episternal pieces of the typical arthropod

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII. 8

58 ON THE CARAPAX AND STERNUM

somite. From embryological evidence it appears very probable that these pieces originate as simple projections of the outer posterior angle of each sternal plate and that they are apparently cut off by the appearance of false su- tures at a later period of development. The figures illus- trating this point (figs. 18, 19, 22) hardly need any explanation beyond that given in the description of the plates. A comparison of figs. 18 and 22 is conclusive.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

1. Huxley, T. H. Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals (chapter on Crustacea).

London, 1878.

2. Milne-Edwards. Observations surle Squelette Tegumentaire des Crustaces

Decapodes et sur la Morphologie de ces Animaux. Ann. Sci. Naturelles Ser. 3e, T. XVI, pp. 221-291. Pis. 8-11. Paris, 1851. Consult also Legons sur l'Anat. et la Phys., etc., T. 10, p. 212. Paris, 1872.

3. Owen, R. Lectures on the Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Inverte-

brate Animals, p. 301. London, 1855.

4. Dana, James D. Homologies of the Carapax among Crustacea. U. S. exploring

expedition, 1838-'42, Vol. XIII, pp. 23-28, 32-35. Atlas, pi. 11, fig. 9d and 16, fig. 9c. Philadelphia, 1852. Also On the markings of the carapax of Crabs. Amer. Journal of Science and Arts, 2d Ser., Vol. XI, p. 95. (Jan., '51.)

EXPLANATION OF PLATES II AND III. REFERENCE LETTERS.

a antennule n membranous space

a' antenna o eye or orbit

as antennular sternum os ophthalmic sternum

a's antennal sternum pg processes for attachment of gastric

a't antennal tergum muscles

a'tp plates of antennal tergum r rostrum

ap appendage s sternum

e epimeral plate sp sternal piece

e' epimeral groove t tergum

/ labrum tht thoracic tergum

g plate covering green gland y suture between mandibular and

g' plate between antennule and car- antennal sternum

apax x suture between epimeral and tergal m mandibular skeleton plates of mandibular segment

mem membrane z point of attachment of carapax to ms mandibular sternum body

mt mandibular tergum mp anterior mandibular epimeral

plate.

Fig. 1. Ventral view of carapax of an immature Platyonichus ocellatus, caustic soda, acetic acid preparation; natural size. Fig. 2. Ventral view of the carapax of Etisus dentatus; natural size.

ON DECAPOD CRUSTACEA. 59

Fig. 3. Carapax of Cancer borealis prepared in caustic soda, ventral view with the front slightly inclined forwards; natural size.

Figs. 4, 6 and 7. Carapax of Actceodes species? prepared in caustic soda and acetic acid; viewed from above, below and in front, respectively.

Fig. 5. Front view of the carapax of Homarus americanus with the appendages removed, fresh specimen, natural size.

Fig. 8. Ventral view of the connection of the mandibular episternura with the mandibular epimeron in Scylla tranquebarica; natural size.

Fig. 9. Carapax of Scylla tranquebarica from an alcoholic specimen; natural size.

Fig. 10. Carapax of Chlorodius floridanus, alcoholic specimen ; enlarged .

Figs. 11 and 13. Front and ventro-lateral views of the carapax of Lithodes maia alcoholic specimen; natural size.

Fig. 12. Basal joints of right antenna of Homarus americanus showing the posi- tion of the green gland; natural size.

Figs. 14, 16 and 20. Lateral, frontal and ventral views of the carapax of Palinu- rus prepared in caustic soda; natural size.

Fig. 15. Ventral view of young Squilla, the thorax and abdomen of which have been removed by careful dissection ; z shows the point of attachment of the thorax ; enlarged ten diameters.

Fig. 17. Lateral view of carapax of Homarus americanus, caustic soda prepara- tion; natural size.

Fig. 18. Sternum of megalops of Cancer borealis, showing the episternal pieces as projecting angles of the sternal plates; enlarged ten diameters.

Fig. 19. Sternum of zoea of Cancer; enlarged fifteen diameters.

Fig. 21. Lateral view of a sagittal section of cephalo-thoraeic region of Squilla, caustic soda preparation; natural size.

Fig. 22 Ventral view of sternum of Cancer borealis (prepared in caustic soda) showing the "episternal pieces" of Milne-Edwards; natural size.

Fig. 23. Ventral view of a young Pinnixa; enlarged ten diameters.

Annual Meeting, Monday, May 18, 1885.

The annual meeting this evening at 7.30 o'clock. The President in the chair. Records of the last annual meeting read and approved.

The reports of the Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor, Li- brarian, Curators and Committees were read and duly accepted and ordered to be placed upon file.

Mr. T. F. Hunt, chairman of the committee on nomi- nations, reported the following list of officers, which was duly elected ; Messrs. Israel and Upham having been appointed to collect, assort and count the votes.

60

ANNUAL MEETING, MAY 18.

PRESIDENT:

HENRY WHEATLAND.

VICE-PRESIDENTS :

Abner C. Goodell, Jr. Frederick W. Putnam.

SECRETARY: George M. Whipple. AUDITOR:

Richard C. Manning.

Daniel B. Hagar. Robert S. Rantoul.

TREASURER:

George D. Phippen.

LIBRARIAN: William P. Upham.

History— Henry F. Waters. Manuscripts— William P. Upham. Archaeology— Frederick W. Putnam. Numismatics— Matthew A. Stickney. Geology— Benjamin F. McDaniel.

CURATORS :

Botany— George D. Phippen. Zoology— Edward S. Morse. Horticulture- Music— Joshua Phippen, Jr. Painting cf Sculpture— -T. F. Hunt.

Geo. R. Emmerton.

Technology— Edwin C. Bolles.

COMMITTEES :

Finance .•

The President, Chairman ex off.

The Treasurer, ex off.

Henry M. Brooks.

David Pingree.

Library .-

Charles W. Palfray. Henry F. King. William Neilson.

William d. Northend. Theodore M. Osborne.

The Librarian, ex off.

Edward S. At wood.

Henry F. Waters.

Publication t James A. Emmerton. B. F. McDaniel.

Edwin C. Bolles. T. F. Hunt.

Lecture .• Robert S. Rantoul. Frederick W. Putnam. Amos H. Johnson.

Fielder Israel. A. L. Huntington.

Field Meeting : The Secretary, Chairman ex off. George A. Perkins, Salem. G. D. Phippen, Salem.

George Cogswell, Bradford. Frank R. Kimhall, Salem.

Francis H. Appleton, Pcabody. Eben N. Walton, Salem.

Nathaniel A. Horton, Salem. Winfield S. Nevins, Salem.

E. S. Mouse, Salem. John II. Sears, Salem.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 1,1

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR

compiled from the several reports read at the mectin" and remarks of the members in relation thereto, presents the work of the Institute in the various departments since the last annual meeting.

Members. — Changes occur in the list of our associates by the addition of new names and the withdrawal of some by resignation, removal from the county or vicinity, or by death. We have received notice of the decease of nine- teen, during the year, who have been enrolled on our list of members.

Francis Gregory Sanborn, son of Eastman and Mary Call Lawrence (Gregory) Sanborn, born in Andover, Mass., Jan. 18, 1838, a graduate of Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1858 ; he early turned his attention to out- door studies, becoming especially proficient in entomology and conchology ; he had been connected with the Massa- chusetts Board of Agriculture, the Bussey Institution, the Geological Survey of Kentucky, the Smithsonian In- stitution, and had been a Curator of the Worcester Natural History Society ; died in Providence June 5, 1884. Ad- mitted a member January 15, 1866.

James B. Batcheller, for many years a teacher in the public schools of Salem and Marblehead, and for eighteen years a member of the School Committee in his native town. He was son of Rev. David Batcheller of Worces- ter, a methodist clergyman, and Elizabeth C. Bowler, of Marblehead, in which town he was born June 25, 1814; a graduate of Wesleyan University in 1845 ; professor of mathematics in Burlington, N. J. ; died in Marblehead, July 1, 1884. Admitted a member Sept. 8, 1868.

bZ THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

David Bralnerd Brooks, son of John and Harriet (Manning) Brooks, born in Salem, Aug. 7, 1824, died in Salem, July 9, 1884 ; bookseller and stationer in Salem and Boston. Admitted a member March 12, 1856. He began his business career in the bookstore of John P. Jewett, subsequently a partner, John P. Jewett & Co.

William Saunders, a well-known and distinguished veterinary surgeon for many years in Salem ; his practice extending into Boston and the counties of Essex and Middlesex ; son of William and Elizabeth (Britchers) Saunders, born in Helma, Devonshire, England, Nov. 27, 1817, came to Salem with his father in 1830, died in Sa- lem, July 23, 1884. Elected to membership March 12, 1856.

Alfred Amos Abbott, son of Hon. Amos and Esther Mackey (West) Abbott, born in Andover, Mass., May 30, 1820 ; a graduate of Union College in 1841 ; lawyer in Peabody and Salem ; for several years District Attorney and the clerk of the courts of Essex County from Sept. 27, 1870, to his decease. Died in Peabody, Oct. 27, 1884. Elected to membership Dec. 30, 1867.

William H. Palmer, son of Asa and Mary (Fletcher) Palmer, born in New Hampshire, March 9, 1811 ; trader in Salem, Mass. ; died Oct. 29, 1884. Elected to mem- bership Feb. 4, 1863.

Isaac J. Osbun, son of Franklin and Mary E. (Taylor) Osbun, born in Windsor, Richland county, Ohio, May 19, 1850; graduated at Granville College, Ohio, 1872 ; after keeping school one year he sailed for Europe and spent one year in the University of Tubingen and the next year at Heidelberg where he studied chemistry and physics under the famous Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. In

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. (J.;

1875 he returned to this country ; from 1876-83 was teacher in chemistry and physics in the Mass. State Nor- mal School in Salem; he then entered upon the duties of Professor of Chemistry and Physics in Denison University, Granville, Ohio, and continued his labors there until a few weeks previous to his death which occurred Dec. 8, 1884. Elected to membership July 2, 1877.

Esther Clarke Mack, daughter of Elisha and Harriet (Clarke) Mack, born in Worthington, Mass., Sept. 25, 1821. The family returned to Salem in 1827. Died in Salem, Dec. 24, 1884. Admitted to membership Dec. 5,

1882.

Edward B. Ames, son of Burpee and Hannah (Brown) Ames, born in Salem, March 4, 1815 ; a well known citi- zen, senior member of the firm of Ames and Melcher, painters in Salem, having been in business upwards of forty years; died January 15, 1885. Admitted to mem- bership March 29, 1854.

Nathaniel B. Perkins, son of Joseph Perkins, born in Salem, Oct. 3, 1813 ; for many years cashier of the Mer- chants National Bank, Salem; died Feb. 8, 1885. Ad- mitted to membership Dec. 14, 1853.

Aaron Goldthwaite, son of Aaron Goldthwaite, born in Salem, March 9, 1822 ; of the well-known firm of Goldthwaite & Day, carpenters and contractors ; died in Salem, Feb. 11, 1885. Admitted to membership Feb. 15, 1854.

Lemuel B. Hatch, the well-known coal and wood dealer, for more than forty years on Derby street ; died March 1, 1885 ; he was the son of James and Opal (Bon- ney) Hatch; born in Hanson, Mass., Sept. 1, 1806. Admitted to membership March 1, 1869.

64 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Elizabeth B. Perkins, daughter of Edward B. and Elizabeth P. (Barrett) Perkins, born in Salem, Jan. 1, 1850, died April 8, 1885. Admitted to membership March 21, 1881.

George Leeds, son of Benjamin Bass and Sally (Bab- cock) Leeds ;born in Boston, Oct. 25, 1816 ; fitted for col- lege at Milton Academy, graduated at Amherst College, 1835, Andover Theological School, 1839 ; rector of Grace Church, Utica, N. Y. ; St. Peter's, Salem; St. Peter's, Philadelphia, and Grace Church, Baltimore ; D.D. Trinity College, 1861 ; died, in Philadelphia, of apoplexy, April 16, 1885. Admitted to membership Feb. 28, 1855.

John Chapman Towne, son of Joseph and Lyclia (Chapman) Towne, born at Salem, June 16, 1834; in early life a printer in the office of the Salem Register, afterwards, for many years, teller in the Naumkeag Na- tional Bank, Salem; died April 23, 1885. Admitted to membership July 1, 1863.

Leonard Withington, son of Joseph Weeks and Eliz- abeth (White) Withington, born in Dorchester, Mass., Aug. 9, 1789 ; a graduate of Yale College, 1814 ; ordained over the First Church in Newbury, Mass., Oct. 30, 1816, and continued the active pastor of that church 42 years, when he became senior Pastor; died Apr. 22, 1885. Original member.

George Pickman Farrington, the oldest druggist in Salem, son of William and Mary (Ward) Farrington, born in Salem, Aug. 29, 1808; died April 29, 1885. Admitted to membership June 9, 1864.

Charles Eugene Fabens, son of Charles Henry and Euphrasia (Fabens) Fabens, born in Cayenne, S. A., March 27, 1845 ; merchant in Salem and Boston, residing

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 65

in Salem, where he died Jan. 22, 1885. Admitted to membership Feb. 20, 1871.

Field Meetings have been attended with more than usual interest.

The first on Wednesday June 18, 1884, atTopsfield, in commemoration of a meeting held for the completion of the organization of the Essex County Natural History So- ciety, fifty years ago, in that town ; its location in the ge- ographical centre of the county, before the introduction of railroads, was considered a very suitable and convenient place for the holding of conventions and other gatherings, possessing a general county interest. The morning was passed at the residence of Mr. Thomas W. Peirce, whose extensive grounds, fine gardens and conservatories were opened to the visitors. The afternoon session in the Town Hall was largely attended ; the speakers were the Presi- dent and Messrs. E. S. Morse, John Robinson, B. F. Mc- Daniel, S. P. Fowler and J. J. H. Gregory. The progress made in Zoology, Botany, Geology and the kindred branches of science since 1834, especially with reference to the increasing attention devoted to these studies, in this county was fully discussed. Mr. Fowler, who was present at the meeting fifty years since, gave an account of the gathering and spoke of those who were present, all of whom, with a few exceptions, have passed away.

Second Meeting at Annisquam, Gloucester, Wednes- day, July 16, 1884. The morning was spent at the sea- side Laboratory of Prof. Alpheus Hyatt in observing the work of the students, also in visiting the beaches and. other objects of interest. At the afternoon session remarks were offered by the president, Messrs. Kingsley and Hyatt of the Laboratory giving a full account of the methods of instruction. Mr. James S. Jewett, Hon. Jonas H. French

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII

66 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

and Hon. James Davis, mentioned interesting incidents in the History of Annisquam. Mr. A. C. Perkins of Brook- lyn, N. Y., and N. A. Horton of Salem, also addressed the meeting.

Third, at Asbury Grove, Hamilton, Thursday, July 31, 1884, postponed from the preceding day on account of the weather. In the forenoon a botanical excursion was made to Pleasant Pond under the direction of Mr. Sears. At the meeting in the afternoon, the president and Messrs J. F. Almy, John H. Sears, George D. Phippen, F. W. Put- nam, B. F. McDanieland N. A. Horton were the speakers.

Fourth^ at old Newbury on Thursday, August 28, 1884. In the morning the party went to Plum Island and on the return visited the ethnological collections of Mr. Alfred Osgood, also several of the old houses in Newbury and Newburyport. The afternoon session was held in the ves- try of the First Church. The President after a few intro- ductory remarks called upon Capt. Luther Dame who read a paper on the life and times of Sir William Pepperell, exhibiting several original manuscripts and old family relics ; Alfred Osgood spoke on ethnology ; Stephen H. Phillips took for his subject, the early settlers of Newbury ; Kev. B. F. McDaniel spoke on the mineralogy of Newbury ; Rev. Messrs. F. Israel of Salem, and George Osgood of Kensington, N. H., alluded to the Rev. Dr. Withington, for nearly seventy years, the worthy and beloved pastor of this church and this people ; Mr. D. B. Hagar made some closing remarks and offered a vote of thanks for fa- vors received.

Two Geological Excursions, a sequel to the Field Meetings, have taken place under the direction of Rev. B. F. McDaniel, the curator of this department.

Firsts on Monday, Oct. 13, 1884, to the famous locality

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 67

in Newbury oldtown popularly known as "the Devil's Den." For over forty years it has been visited by miner- alogists for the fine specimens that have made it famous all over the country, and still the supply is abundant. Other openings have been made near by, the most noted of which is the "Basin."

Specimens of the following minerals, some of them very fine, were brought home. Noble serpentine, common serpentine, retinalite, wollastonite, chrysolite, massive garnet, nemalite, calcite, chalybite and dolomite. The noble serpentine and wollastonite are easily obtained, and are very fine at the "Den," while at the "Basin," the common serpentine and retinalite abound.

Second, on Monday, Nov. 10, 1884, to the Quarry near Lynnfield Centre. A stop was made at Ship Rock in Pea- body, after which the drive was continued to Lynnfield. The Quarry was reached at half-past eleven o'clock. Ham- mers and drills were soon in use and good specimens of brucite and serpentine were found in abundance. An increased interest in the study of geology has been awak- ened, and the result will probably be an interesting ad- dition to the already large collection of Essex County Minerals in the Museum.

Meetings. Regular meetings occur on the first and third Monday evenings of each month. At these the fol- lowing communications were read and lectures delivered :

From E. A. jSilsbee, talk upon "Criticism of Poetry." Stephen H. Phillips, "Witchcraft not exceptional in

Salem."

Charles A. Benjamin, " On an adjacent Peninsula." A. G. Hobbs of Bridgeport, Conn., lecture "On the

History of Locks."

William G. Barton of Salem, essay on "Thoreau, Flagg

and Burroughs."

68 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Percival Lowell of Boston, an illustrated lecture "On Korea" (a native Korean was present on the stage, in national costume).

Edward Atkinson of Boston, a familiar talk upon the subject "Lack of Gumption."

John H. Sears, Flowering of plants, December, 1884.

W. J. Hoffman of Washington, D. C, "Hugo Ried's account of the Indians of Los Angeles, California, with notes by W. J. Hoffman."

William L. Welch, "Opening of Hatteras Inlet."

Oliver Thayer, "Early recollections of the upper portion of Essex Street, Salem."

Robert S. Rantoul, "Some material for a History of the Name and Family of Rentoul, Rintoul, Rantoul."

E. JP. Crowell of Amherst, "The commission of the Captain of a Salem Privateer, in the Revolutionary war."

In addition to the lectures and communications present- ed at the meetings the following lectures have been de- livered in the rooms of the Institute.

Lectures. Mrs, Schumacher of Boston, an illustrated lecture "On the Madonna in Art," Tuesday, Nov. 11, 1884.

C. D, Hendrickson, an illustrated lecture "On the won- derland of America, the Yellowstone National Park," Monday, Dec. 8, 1884.

Edward S. Morse, six lectures on Japan and the Japa- nese, on Wednesdays, Dec. 17, 24, 31, 1884 and Jan. 7, 14, 21, 1885.

Mrs. Abby Sage Richardson, three lectures : first "Rob- ert and Elizabeth (Barrett) Browning," Wednesday, Apr. 22, 1885 ; second, "Sir Walter Scott," Wednesday, Apr. 29 ; third, "The modern Spirit of Poetry," Wednesday, May 6.

THE KETKOSPECT OF THE YEAR. 69

Library. — The additions to the Library for the year (May, 1884, to May, 1885) have been as follows :

By Donation.

Folios, 13

Quartos, 2G3

Octavos, 1,531

Duodecimos, , 543

Sexdecimos, 264

Octodecimos, Gq

Total of bound volumes, 2 080

Pamphlets and serials, • 11635

Total of donations, U,:u~>

By Exchange.

Folios, 1

Quartos, 10

Octavos, 188

Duodecimos, 15

Total of bound volumes, 214

Pamphlets and serials, 2,483

Total of exchanges, 2,697

By Purchase.

Folios, . 1

Quartos, . . - 5

Octavos 117

Duodecimos, 191

Sexdecimos, • 60

Octodecimos, 6

Total of bound volumes, - 380

Pamphlets, 7

Total of purchases, • 387

Total of donations, 14,315

Total of exchanges 2,697

Total of purchases, 387

Total of additions, . 17,399

Of the total number of pamphlets and serials, 5,072 were pamphlets, and 9,053 were serials.

The donations to the Library for the year have been received from one hundred and seventy individuals and forty-six societies and governmental departments. The

70 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

exchanges from seven individuals and from one hundred and fifty-five societies and incorporate institutions, of which seventy-nine are foreign ; also from editors and pub- lishers.

The annual examination of the Library has been made and it is found to be in as good order and condition as our limited resources permit.

The accessions have been more numerous than for many years. Among what may be termed the customary dona- tions maybe classed the Congressional Record, documents, etc., from E. F. Stone representative U. S. Congress; congressional documents from the Department of the Inte- rior, and others from the various departments of the gov- ernment ; Mass. State documents from the General Court Representatives ; agricultural papers from the secretary of the Mass. Horticultural Society ; the transactions of vari- ous societies ; besides books and pamphlets in smaller or larger quantities from the members and others, a list of too great length to be read at this time.

Among special donations may be mentioned : — From Geo. R. Lord, a portion of the library of the late Nathl. Lord, amounting to 470 vols., and 2,384 pamphlets; among the latter, religious periodicals hold a prominent place. From the library of the late William Sutton, 1,319 vols., and 1,558 pamphlets, a donation very valua- ble in historical works and state documents. A collection of pamphlets from the estate of Robert and Elizabeth R. Peele. A nearly complete file of the Salem Register and 1,039 numbers of religious magazines from Chas. M. Richardson. Harper's Magazine and other periodicals to the number of 289 from Jas. A. Chamberlain. From the estate of Mrs. Martha P. Walcott, 95 vols., and 665 pamphlets, including periodicals. 67 volumes of scientific works from Mrs. Wm. S. Cleveland. From Mrs. M. C.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 71

Farley, 48 vols., chiefly state and government documents. A large number of religious works and pamphlets from Rev. Hugh Elder. Some very valuable school books from Miss Elizabeth Lander. From Sam'l Chamberlain, besides volumes, religious and educational periodicals. Thirty religious works from Capt. George Upton. From Dr. William Mack an addition to the musical library as well as to other departments.

The Art Library is constantly receiving very valuable accessions of volumes and periodicals.

Our most excellent and efficient Assistant Librarian, whose usefulness we all recognize, has especially called my attenti@n to the pressing necessity of more room. Al- most every department is receiving from time to time, additions of more or less magnitude, and all are crowded to overflowing ; there is scarcely a case where a proper arrangement of volumes or pamphlets can be made, on ac- count of the limited room. One deep shelf has three rows of books ; a case of newspapers has the space in the centre occupied with books piled up in bulk, and no access to them without removing the tier of papers in front ; one can easily imagine the labor of finding a specified book of that lot.

The space reserved for the exchanges of foreign socie- ties has for some time been filled to repletion.

A portion of our recent donations has been accommo- dated by putting up temporary shelves in the ante-room occupied by the historical museum. This, however, sep- arates them from other books of the same class in the general library. Others are piled in bulk on the gallery floor, preventing their circulation and making them nearly inaccessible for reference.

The two cases at the rear of the lower hall have already double rows of directories on nearly every shelf.

72

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

From this statement of facts it can readily be seen how urgent is the need of greater accommodations and ad- ditional shelf-room.

Respectfully submitted,

Wm. P. Upham,

Librarian.

Donations or exchanges have beeu received from the

following

Adams, Miss Hannah C, Beverly,

Adelaide, Royal Society of South Australia,

Agassiz, Alexander, Cambridge,

Albany, N. Y., State Library,

Alnwick, Eng., Berwickshire Naturalists' Club,

Altenburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft des Osterlandes

American Association for the Advancement of Science,

American Ornithologists' Union,

Amherst College Library,

Anagnos, M., South Boston,

Andover Theological Seminary, ....

Andrews, William P.,

Archaeological Institute of America,

Archer, Miss Rebecca, . . . Newspapers

Auckland, N. Z., Auckland Institute,

Baltimore, Md., Historical Society, ...

Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, Md., Johns Hopkins University, Library of

Historical and Political Science, Baltimore, Md., Peabody Institute, Bamberg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, . Bancroft, Rev. C. F. P., Andover, Batavia, K. Natuurkundige Vereeniging, . Bay ley, Miss Elizabeth S., ....

Bay ley, Miss Harriet K., Boston, Belfast, Ireland, Naturalists' Field Club, . Bell, Charles H., Exeter, N. H., ...

Berkeley, Cal., University of California, . Berlin, Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, Berlin, Verein zur Beforderung des Gartenbaues Bern, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Vols. 11

Pam.

1 1 5 1 2

4

1 1 1 49 1

17 1 2

27 1

52 5

THE RETROSPECT OF THE TEAR.

Blake, Francis E., Boston, ....

Bolles, Rev. E. C., D.D., ....

Bonn, Naturhistorischer Verein,

Boston, American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Boston, Appalachian Mountain Club,

Boston Board of Health,

Boston, Bostonian Society, ....

Boston, City of,

Boston City Hospital,

Boston, Massachusetts General Hospital,

Boston, Massachusetts Historical Society,

Boston, Massachusetts Horticultural Society, .

Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society,

Boston, Massachusetts State Board of Health, Lunacy

and Charity,

Boston, Massachusetts State Library,

Boston, National Association of Wool Manufacturers,

Boston, New England Historic, Genealogical Society,

Boston Overseers of the Poor,

Boston Public Library,

Boston Scientific Society,

Boston Society of Natural History,

Boylston, E. D., Amherst,

Bradlee, Rev. C. D., Boston,

Bremen, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,

Bristol, Eng., Naturalists' Society,

Brooklyn, N. Y., Brooklyn Library,

Brown, Henry A.,

Browne, Albert G., Newspapers

Brunswick, Me., Bowdoin College Library,

Bruxelles, Societe Beige de Microscopie,

Bryant, James S., Hartford, Conn.,

Buenos Aires, Sociedad Cientifica Argentina,

Butfalo, N. Y., Historical Society,

Buffalo, N. Y., Young Men's Association,

Caen, Academie cles Sciences, Arts et Belles Lettres

Calcutta, Geological Survey of India,

Cambridge, Harvard University Library, .

Cambridge, Museum of Comparative Zoology, .

Cambridge, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology

and Ethnology,

Canada Royal Society, e Cannon, H. W., Washington, D. C, .

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII. 10

Vols.

l'.uu.

1

397

2

2

2

12

2

1 1

3

2

4 5

3 3 19 1 1 2 2 5 117 1 1 9

14 2 2

1

16

4

8

74

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Carpenter, Rev. C. C, Mt. Vernon, N. H.,

Cassel, Verein fiir Naturkunde, ....

Chamberlain, James A., ......

Chamberlain, Samuel,

Champaign, 111., State Laboratory of Natural History, Chever, Miss S. A., Melrose, ....

Chicago, 111., Historical Society, ....

Chicago, 111., Public Library,

Cincinnati, 0., Society of Natural History,

Clarke, Rev. DeWitt S.,

Cleveland, Mrs. William S.,

Cogswell, George, Bradford, ....

Cole, Mrs. N. D., Newspapers

Collett, John, Indianapolis, Ind., .... Conant, W. P., Washington, D. C, . . Newspapers

Coolidge, Henry J., Boston,

Copenhague, Societe Botanique, ....

Cordoba, AcadSmie Nacional de Ciencias,

Courtenay, William A., Charleston, S. C,

Cowley, Charles, Lowell,

Cox, William R., Washington, D. C,

Crowell, Rev. E. P., D.D., Amherst,

Crunden, F. M., St. Louis, Mo.,

Currier, John M., Castle ton, Vt.,

Cushing, Thomas, Boston,

Cutter, A. E. Charlestown,

Danzig, Naturforschende Gesellschaft,

Darmstadt, Verein fiir Erdkunde,

Davenport, la., Academy of Natural Sciences,

Davis, Charles H. S., Meriden, Conn.,

Davis, James, Gloucester,

Davis, R. S., & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa.,

Dennett, W. S., Saco, Me.,

Denver, Colorado Scientific Society,

Dewing, Miss Mary E.,

Donnell, E. J., New York,N. Y., .... Doolittle, Mi*s E., Troy, N. Y., ....

Dresden, Naturwisseuschaftliche Gesellschaft, " Isis," Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, ....

Dublin, Royal Society,

Durkhcim, Pollichia, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein de

Rheinpfalz,

Eaton, Mrs. C. F

>l8.	Pam.
	1
	1
	289
12	335
	1
1
1	1

67 1

2 2 1

II

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAlt. 75

Vols. Pam.

Eddy, Robert H., Boston, ^

Edinburgh, Royal Society, ' 2

Elder, Rev. Hugh, 20 226

Ellery, Harrison, Chelsea, j

Emden, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

Emmerton, James A., .m 1 14

Erfurt, K. Akademie gemeinntitziger Wissenschaften, . 1

Erlangen, Physikalisch-medicinische Societiit, . . 1

Essex, Eng., Essex Field Club, 2

Falmouth, Eng., Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, . 1

Farley, Misses, j

Farley, Mrs. M. C, 48

Fewkes, J. Walter, Cambridge, 2

Folger, William C, Nantucket, 2

Folsam, A. A., Boston, <j

Folwell, William W., Minneapolis, Minn., ... 1

Foote & Horton, Newspapers,

Forbes, S. A., Champaign, 111., 3

Francisco, Miss M. A., 12

Frankfurt, Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesell- schaft, 1 j

Freiburg, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, ... 1

French, A. D. Weld, Boston, 1

Frothingham, T. G., Boston, 1

Garman, Samuel, Cambridge, 1

Geneve, L'Institut National Genevois, .... 2 Giessen, Oberhessische Gesellschaft fur Natur. u. Heil-

kunde, 1

Good, Peter B., Plainfield, N. J., 1

Goodell, Mrs. A. C, Jr., . . . Newspapers, 52

Gorlitz, Naturforschende Gesellschaft, .... 1

Green, Samuel A., Boston, 18 580

Greenough, James C, Amherst, 1

Guss, A. L., Washington, D. C, 2

Guthrie, Malcolm, Liverpool, Eng., .... 1 Halifax, Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, . 1 Halle, K. Leopoldinisch — Carolinische deutsche Akade- mie der Naturforscher, 7

Halle, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fiir Sachsen u.

Thiiringen, 1

Hamburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, ... 3 Hamburg, Verein fur Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhal-

tuns, ... . 1

76

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Vols. Pam.

Newspa

pers

Hamilton, R. I., Narragansett Historical Publishing Com

pany,

Harlem, Societe Hollandaise des Sciences Hartford, Conn., Trinity College, Hassam, John T., Boston,

Hill & Nevins,

Hitchcock, E., Amherst,

Hobarton, Royal Society of Tasmania,

Howard, George E., Lincoln, Neb.,

Hunt, T. F.,

Huntoon, D. T. V., Canton,

Illinois Department of Agriculture,

Iowa City, la., State Historical Society,

Ipswich, Town of,

Israel, Rev. Fielder, .

James, U. P., Cincinnati, O ,

Kato, H., Tokio, Japan,

Kimball, Mrs. James,

Kingsley, J. S., Maiden,

Kjobenhavn, K. D. Videnskabernes Selskab, .

Konigsberg, Physikalisch-okonomische Gesellschaft

Lander, Miss Elizabeth,

Langworthy, Rev. I. P., Boston,

Lansing, Mich., Secretary of the State Board of

culture,

Lansing, Mich., State Agricultural College, Lansing, Mich., State Library, Lausanue, Societe Vaudoise cles Sciences, Lawrence, George N., New York, N. Y., Lawrence Public Library, ....

Lawrence, William, Washington, D. C,

Lee, F. H.,

Leeds, Josiah W., Philadelphia, Pa.,

Leeds, Philosophical and Literary Society,

Le Mans, Societe d' Agriculture Sciences et Arts

Sarthe, .... Liege, Societe Royale des Sciences, Lincoln Library Trustees, Littlelield, George E., Boston, Locke, Silas M.,

London, Eng., Conchological Society London, Eng., Royal Society, Lord, George R.,

Aari

de la

77

45

25

1

470 2384

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

77

Newspapers

Lovell, W. H., Worcester,

Lowell, Old Residents' Association,

Luneburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,

Luxembourg, L'Institut Royal Grand Ducal,

Lyon, L'Academie des Sciences, Arts et Belles Lettres

Mack, William,

Madison, Wis., State Historical Society,

Madrid, Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural,

Manchester, Enar., Literary and Philosophical Society,

Manchester, Rev. L. C, Lowell,

Manning, Miss Rebecca,

Manning, Robert,

Marietta, 0., Marietta College,

McDaniel, Rev. B. F.,

Meek, Henry M.,

Melcher, B. Red ford, Saco, Me.,

Meriam,H. C, .

Merrill, William, Jr., West Newbury,

Mexico, Museo Nacional,

Milwaukee, Wis., City Public Museum,

Montreal, Natural History Society, ....

Morse, E. S.,

Minister, Westfalische Provinzial Verein, Murdock, J. B., Philadelphia, Pa., .... Nashville, Tennessee Historical Society, . Neuchatel, Societe des Sciences Naturelles,

Nevins, W. S., Newspapers

Newark, New Jersey Historical Society,

New Haven, Conn., Academy of Arts and Sciences,

New Haven, Conn., N. H. Colony Historical Society,

New Haven, Conn., Yale College Library,

New York, N. Y., Academy of Sciences,

New York, N. Y., American Geographical Society,

New York, N. Y., Astor Library, »

New York, N. Y., Chamber of Commerce,

New York, N. Y., Genealogical and Biographical Society

New York, N. Y., Linnaean Society,

New York, N. Y., Mercantile Library Association,

New York, N. Y., Microscopical Society,

Nichols, Andrew, Jr., Danvers, ....

Northampton, Smith College,

Northend, William D.,

Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, Editorial Commit tee,

Vols. P.'iin.

1

1

1

1

1

46 210

1 3 4

2 3 75

72 7 12 29 2

1 1 4 1 221 1 1 1

3

1 2 3

2 6

1 1 4

3 4 5

1 44

78

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Vols. Pam

Estate of the late,

Nourse, Miss Dorcas C,

Noyes, S. B., Brooklyn, N. Y., ....

Oliver, H. K.,

Osgood, John C, Newspapers

Ottawa, Geological and Natural History Survey, Packard, A. S., Providence, R. I., .... Page, Miss Annie L., Danvers, . . Newspapers

Palfray, C. W.,

Paris, Soci6te d'Acclimatation, ....

Paris, Societe d'Anthropologie, ....

Patch, Ira J.,

Peaslee, John B., Cincinnati, O., ....

Peele, Robert,

Peele, Elizabeth R.,

Peet, Rev. S. D., Clinton, Wis., ....

Peirce, Henry B., Boston,

Perkins, George A.,

Perley, Sidney, Boxford,

Perry, Rev. William Stevens, Davenport, la., Philadelphia, Pa., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa., American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa., Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., Library Company, Philadelphia, Pa., Numismatic and Antiquarian Society Philadelphia, Pa., Zoological Society, Phillips, Henry, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa.,

Phillips, Stephen H.,

Phillips, Mrs. Stephen H.,

Pickering, Miss Mary O., ... Newspapers,

Pool, Wellington, Wenham,

Porter, Rev. E. G., Lexington, ....

Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Vassar Brothers' Institute, Providence, Rhode Island Historical Society, . Providence, R. I., Public Library, .... Putnam, Rev. A. P., D.D., Brooklyn, N. Y., . Putnam, F. W., Cambridge, . . Newspapers

Putnam, H. W.,

Rantoul, R. S., Newspapers

Reeve, J. T., Appleton, Wis., . . Circular

Regensburg, K. Baierische Botanische Gesellschaft, Regensburg, Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein,

Rice, Franklin P., Worcester,

Richardson, Charles M., . . . . Newspapers Richardson, F. P.,

10

1

50

7 1

270

12 3

1

148

6

12 2

1 29

	1
	2
	2
	3
	7
6	25
	3
	1
	1
1	1
	9
	3
	20
61	33
30	197
1
	1
	1
1	1039

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 7!>

Vols. Pam.

Richmond, Virginia Historical Society, .... 2

Riga, Naturforscheiider Verein, ..... 1

Robinson, John, 1

Robinson, Mrs. John, 35

Sale, John, Chelsea, 1

Salem, Peabody Academy of Science, Newspapers, 5 380

Sampson, Davenport & Co., Boston, . . . . 9G

San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences, . . 2

San Francisco, Cal., Mercantile Library Association, . 1

Sargent, Charles S., Brookline, 1

Sawyer, Samuel E., Gloucester, 1

Scudder, S. H., Cambridge, 1

S'Gravenhage, Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereen-

iging, ......... 5

Shanghai, China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, . I

Sillars, Walter A., Dan vers, 26

Smith, George Plumer, Philadelphia, Pa., ... 5 2

Snell, Miss Annie E., .... Newspapers,

Springfield, City Library Association, .... 1

Springfield, Mo., Drury College, 3

Stickney, George A. D., 8 10

St. John, New Brunswick Natural History Society, . 1

St. Louis, Mo., Academy of Science, .... 1

St. Louis, Mo., Historical Society, 1

St. Louis, Mo., Public School Library, .... 1

Stockholm, Entomologiska Foreningen, .... 3

Stockiu, A. C, Boston, 1

Stone, A. R., Maps,

Stone, E. F., Washington, D. C, 9 147

Stone, Miss Mary H., 30

Stone, Robert, Newspapers,

Story, Miss E. A., 1

St. Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, .... 1 1 St. Petersbourg, Academie Imperiale des Sciences, . 31 St. Petersburg, Imperial Botanical Garden, ... 2 St. Petersburg, Societas Entomologica Rossica, . . 1 Sutton, William, Estate of the late, .... 1319 1558 Sydney, Royal Society of New South Wales, ... 2 Tasmania Government Statistician, .... 1 Taunton, Eng., Somersetshire Archaeological and Natu- ral History Society, 1

Taunton Public Library, 2

Titus, Rev. Anson, Amesbury, 1

80

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Tokio, Japan, Tokio Daigaku,

Topeka, Kan., State Board of Agriculture

Topeka, Kan., State Historical Society,

Topeka, Kan., Washburn College,

Toronto, Canadian Institute,

Tuckermau, L. S.,

Unknown, ....

Upham, William P., . .

Upsal, Societe lloyale des Sciences

Upton, George,

Upton, Winslow, Providence, R. I, .

Urbano, O., Central Ohio Scientific Association

U. S. Bureau of Education,

S. Chief of Engineers,

S. Chief Signal Office,

S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,

S. Department of Agriculture,

S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Department of State, U. S. Fish Commission,

S. Geological 'Survey, .

S. Life Saving Service,

S. National Museum,

S. Naval Observatory,

S. Patent Office, .

S. Postmaster General,

S. Treasury Department,

S. War Department, Vose, George L., Boston, . Wagner, E. C, Girardville, Pa., Walcott, Mrs. Martha P., Estate of the late, Waring, George E., Jr., Newport, 11. I., . Washington, D. C, Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C, Smithsonian Institution, Waters, J. Linton, Waters, Misses, Waters, Stanley,

Waterville, Me., Colby University Watson, S. M., Portland, Me., . Weston, Charles H., Wheatland, Miss M. G., . Whipple, George M., .

Whipple, S. K., Newbury port, .

Maps,

Vols. Pam. 1

8 1

30

2 1 2 66 3 1

95

2 5

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

81

Newspapers, Chart,

Pam. 13

54 1

1

1

Vols. Whitcher, Mary, Shaker Village, N. H., . Whitney, Mrs. H. M., Lawrence, Whittier, Daniel B., Boston,

Whittredge, Charles E.,

Wien, K. K., Zoologisch-botanische Gesellschaft, . . 1

Wien, Verein zur Verbreitung Naturwissenschaftlicher

Kenntnisse, 1

Wiesbaden, Nassauischer Verein, 1

Wilder, Marshall P., Boston, 4

Willson, Rev. E. B., 21

Winchell, N. H., Minneapolis, Minn., .... 2

Winnipeg, Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society,

Winsor, Justin, Cambridge,

Winthrop, Robert C, Boston,

Woods, Mrs. Kate T., 2

Worcester, American Antiquarian Society, ... 2

Wright, Harrison, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., .... 3

Wiirzburg, Physikalisch-Medicinische Gesellschaft, . 1 2

The following have been received from editors or publishers : —

420 2 6

34 1

171

American Journal of Science.

Bay State Monthly.

Gape Ann Bulletin.

Chicago Journal of Commerce.

Danvers Mirror.

Essex Co. Statesman.

Fireside Favorite.

Gardener's Monthly and Horti- culturist.

Groton Landmark.

Ipswich Chronicle.

Lawrence American.

Lynn Bee.

Manifesto, The.

Marblehead Messenger.

Musical Herald.

Musical Record.

Nation, The.

Naturalists' Leisure Hour and Monthly Bulletin.

Nature.

Newton Transcript.

New York Chamber of Com- merce Journal.

Our Dumb Animals.

Peabody Press.

Quaritch's Catalogue.

Sailors' Magazine and Seamen's Friend.

Salem Evening News.

Salem Evening Telegram.

Salem Gazette.

Salem Observer.

Salem Register.

Turner's Public Spirit.

Voice, The.

West Newbury Messenger.

Zoologischer Anzeiger.

Horticultural. The Trustees of the Essex Agricult- ural Society having accepted, for the second time, the invi-

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII.

11

82 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

tation of the authorities and citizens of Salem to hold their Annual Cattle Show and Fair at the "Willows" in Salem, Sept. 23 and 24, 1884, the Institute deemed it advisable to suspend its own horticultural exhibition and to unite cordially with the Trustees of the Agricultural Society in making their undertaking a success.

An account of the Exhibition will be fouud in the Trans- actions of the Agricultural Society for the year 1884.

Museum. The specimens in natural history, including those in archaeology, which have been received during the year have been placed on deposit with the Trustees of the Peabocly Academy of Science, in accordance with previous arrangements. Those of an historical character, or which possess an artistic interest, have been placed in the rooms, and have been received from the following contributors :

The Peabody Academy of Science, Tennessee Historical Society, Miss Mary O. Pickering, Miss E. A. Story, Edwin N. Peabody, Dr. Wm. Mack, Miss C. Roberts of Philadelphia, Mr. Nathan Pierce, Miss Lizzie C. Ward of Boston (this donation is a crayon portrait of her brother, Gen. Fred Ward of Salem, who was killed in China in 1861, having risen to a high rank in the Chinese army; the portrait is neatly framed and now hangs in the western ante-room of Plummer Hall;) William R. Cloutman, E. S. Bowditch, R. S. Rantoul, Geo. M. Whip- ple, Geo. L. Ames, W. A. Keazar, Miss M. A. Francisco, E. N. Larra- bee, T. F. Hunt, B. D. Hill and Amos Henfield.

The art exhibition opened on Thursday, May 15, 1884, and closed on the 24th inst., the eighth under the auspices of the Institute. These exhibitions of Essex County work, vary in interest with each passing year.

The collection was smaller than that of the preceding, and the paintings of Benson, Barry and Whitney and a few others, who contributed then, were missed from the screens ; however, the exhibition was quite attractive and many of the sea views were fine and well executed.

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

s:\

The following is the list of contributors :

Miss Mary Allen. John P. Benson. Mrs. C. A. Benjamin. Miss Martha 0. Barrett. Miss M. C. Bolles. Mrs. M. A. Bovie. Miss M. M. Brooks. Miss Anna N. Benjamin. Bates &Brigham. Miss M. J. Butler. Miss Harriet E. Carlton, Cam- bridge. Miss Lizzie Chever. Miss C. M. Colcord, Swamp-

scott. Miss Ida Caller. Miss A. L. Chadwick. Miss E. W. Chadwick. Joseph A. Davis. Miss Ellen M. Dole.

" Grace G. Dalton.

" Edith Dalton.

" M. E. Dockham. Arthur W. Dow, Ipswich. Kilby W. Elwell, Gloucester. W. B. Eaton. Miss Lizzie J. Emery.

" A. Endicott.

" E. W. Fiske.

" C. S. Fiske.

" Elizabeth B. Gardner.

" Bessie W. Gardner.

" May Gardner.

" Carrie Goldthwaite.

" Grace D. Glidden, Wen- ham. Sidney P. Guild, Lynn. Mrs. George Harrington. H. B. Harrington. Miss Anna Hyde.

" Jennie Hyde.

Miss A. L. Hobbs, Haverhill.

" M.L. Hill.

" LucyB. Hood.

" L. D. Harris. G. W. Harvey. Mrs. S. K. Hart. Miss Edith Harlow. Arthur Harlow. E. D. Harlow. Miss Mabel W. Haskell.

" Anna B. Holden, Provi- dence, R. I. Mrs. H. F. Jacobs. Miss I. S. Jackson. Frank R. Kimball. Miss S. S. Kimball.

" Mary L. King.

" Louisa Lander. Mrs. John H. Langmaid. E. C. Larrabee. Warren Marston, Gloucester. Mrs. H. N. Mudge, Marblehead. Ernest Machado. Miss McMullen. Miss T. R. Nason.

" Martha W. Nichols.

" Northend. Mrs. T. M. Osborne. Miss H. F. Osborne.

" E. T. Oliver.

" Bessie S. Osgood.

" Edith P. Pickering.

" Abbie G. Pingree.

" M. E. Phippen.

" Helen Philbrick.

" Anna B. Perkins.

" L. Perkins. James Powers. Miss Lottie Perkins.

" Minnie Pond.

" A. L. Pierson.

84

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

Miss Elizabeth A. Pinnock.

" A. P. Pitman.

" A. M. Quimby. C. C. Redmond. Beverly Rantoul. Miss Rantoul.

" Carrie L. Read.

" Lizzie L. Read. Mrs. J. H. Roberts. Miss M. E. Roberts.

" B. P. Smith.

" M. T. Smith.

" M. Simonds. Mrs. N. G. Simonds. Arthur L. Sauders. Miss S. E. Smith.

Mrs. Joseph Symonds. Miss A. C. Symonds.

" S. Sweetser.

" M. K. Stevens. Mrs. G. L. Streeter. Miss Delia Sheldon. Mrs. S. E. Thayer. Miss A. S. Tukey. Miss I. F. Upton. Miss L. L. A. Very.

" Gertrude M. Very. Mrs. S. E. Varney. Miss E. White. Charles H. Woodbury, Lynn. Mrs. K. T. Woods. Henry Whipple.

Excursion. — On Wednesday, May 21, 1884, a party of fifty members and friends left Salem on an excursion to Mauch Chunk, Luray Cave, the Natural Bridge in Virginia and Washington. Vice President F. W. Putnam was with the party, and while at the Natural Bridge gave a lecture on the geology of that vicinity, stating his theory of the formation of the bridge. There are two ways by which ravines are cut. First, like that of Niagara and the canons of Colorado and its tributaries. Secondly, like that of caves. The limestone of this region is probably lower silurian and the strata are tilted at many angles. Beginning at the Lace Water Falls, a mile above the bridge, the strata are vertical. They here begin to incline more and more towards the horizontal, which position is reached at the bridge. The limestone water, percolating through the fissures between the strata, acts both chemically and mechanically upon them, working out a deeper channel, and at the same time depositing incrusting matter as it seeks the level of drainage. This ravine was once a vast cave, the bridge being the only remaining relic of the

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 85

roof. This has stood because its limestone is more crys- talline than that above and below it. It is flinty and is probably corniferous.

Stalactites and stalagmites are formed in the old cham- bers of the caves by the percolation of water through the fissures in the rocks, while the degradation and channeling are going on in the new chambers. In the case of the Natural Bridge, this action went on faster than the build- ing process, hence the roof became too thin to sustain its weight and fell in, leaving the fragment forming the bridge to tell the story. The professor then told the company of the formation of caves in general, many of which he has explored, making particular mention of the Mammoth cave and of peculiar formations found in it.

Rev. B. F. McDaniel explained the formation of tufa and the varieties of incrusting minerals in caves. Col. H. C. Parsons, the proprietor, told of the caves in the neighborhood. Several of them have been opened, but not thoroughly explored. Until they can be prop- erly opened up, he deems them unsafe for amateur ex- plorers.

This estate of Mr. Parsons, of some 2,000 acres, com- prises a horse-shoe range of lofty, wooded hills, enclosing the basin on whose slopes lie the hotels and the owner's residence. The Horse Shoe opens towards the east and commands a grand and beautiful view of the Blue Ridge, forest-covered and mist-crowned, rising 4,300 feet above the sea. A little to the left the glint of broken granite alone shows where the river burst through, and at the right the crest lowers so that the Peaks of Otter may overlook.

86 THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR.

The Groveland Flower Mission, thirty-eight in number, ladies and gentlemen, came to Salem June 24 by joint invitation of the Peabody Academy of Science and the Essex Institute.

They were entertained by the two societies and visited the various points of interest in and about Salem.

Financial. — The following is the Treasurer's Report of the receipts and expenditures of the past year (condensed for printing) :

RECEIPTS.

Balance of last year's account $0 94

Income of General aecount,

Assessments of members $811 00

Publications 196 33

Use of Hall, Excursions, etc., 218 35

Bank Dividend, 20 00

Return State tax, 8 91

Salem Athenaeum, portion of expense, 206 40

1,460 99

Income of Historical Fund, 12 00

" " Nat. Hist. Soc. Fund, 36 00

" " Davis Fund, 392 68

" " Ditmore Fund, 180 40

" " Manuscript Fund, 26 96

" " Ladies' Fair Fund, 60 00

" " Derby Fund 17 30

" Howes Fund, 1,430 00

11 " Story Fund, 563 00

2,718 34

Bequest of Robert Peele and sister 2,000 00

Income from the same, 135 00

2,135 00

Balance due the Treasurer, 117 52

$6,432 79

THE RETROSPECT OF THE YEAR. 87

EXPENDITURES. Paid on General Account.

Salaries, 1,882 00

Publications, 807 07

Fuel and Gas, 233 53

Binding, Printing, Stationery, etc., 119 37

Repairs, expressage, etc., 171 38

Fire Insurance prem., 122 50

Salem Athenasum, as per agreement, 350 00

Paid on Historical account, 53 25

" " Nat. Hist, account, 53 25

" " Ditmore annuity, 110 00

Paid Legatee— Augustus Story's Estate, . . . . 563 00

Interest Davis fund, funded in Savings Bank, ... 12 08

Interest Manuscript fund, funded in Savings Bank, . . 26 96

Interest Derby fund, funded in Savings Bank, ... 17 30 Deposit Salem Savings Bank, part of Robert Peele and sister's

legacy, 1,500 00

3,68

10G 50

673

1,556 91

Paid note at Salem National Bank and Interest, . . . 410 50 410 50

$6,432 79

The invested funds are now, $47,389 54

Examined and approved by the Auditor, May 18, 1885.

The secretary in concluding his report says, " In addi- tion to the accumulations of former years which it has been impossible to arrange on the shelves for want of room, there have been added since the last annual meet- ing, many books and a great collection of pamphlets, to say nothing of the large amount of printed matter, such as circulars, notices, etc. The subject of increased accommodations is, it is true, an old story, but as donations continue to flow into the building the necessity of more shelf-room forces itself on the attention of the officers of the Institute and those who frequent the library. The subject is again brought to the attention of the directors in the hope that before another year shall have passed, some decided action in this direction will be taken."

Bulletin Essex [nst

BULLETIN

ESSEX INSTITUTE

Vol. 17. Salem: July, Aug., Sept., 1885. Nos. 7-9.

INDIAN GAMES.

BY ANDREW McPARLAND DAVIS.

"There are," says Father Brebeuf in his account of what was worthy of note among the Hurons in lf>;$6,1 "three kinds of games particularly in vogue with this peo- ple ; cross, platter, and straw. The first two are, they say, supreme for the health. Does not that excite our pity? Lo, a poor sick person, whose body is hot with fever, whose soul foresees the end of his days, and a mis- erable sorcerer orders for him as the only cooling remedy, a game of cross. Sometimes it is the invalid himself who may perhaps have dreamed that he will die unless the country engages in a game of cross for his health. Then, if he has ever so little credit, you will see those who can best play at cross arrayed, village against village, in a beautiful field, and to increase the excitement, they will wager with each other their beaver skins and their neck- laces of porcelain beads."

" Sometimes also one of their medicine men will say that the whole country is ill and that a game of cross is

1 Relations des Je^uites, Quebec, 1858, p. 113. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVIL 12 (89)

90 INDIAN GAMES.

needed for its cure. It is not necessary to say more. The news incontinently spreads everywhere. The chiefs in each village give orders that all the youths shall do their duty in this respect, otherwise some great calamity will overtake the country."

LACROSSE.

In 1667, Nicolas Perrot, then acting as agent of the French government, was received near Saut Sainte Marie with stately courtesy and formal ceremony by the Miamis, to whom he was deputed. A few days after his arrival, the chief of that nation gave him, as an entertainment, a game of lacrosse.2 w More than two thousand persons assembled in a great plain each with his cross. A wooden ball about the size of a tennis ball was tossed in the air. From that moment there was a constant movement of all these crosses which made a noise like that of arms which one hears during a battle. Half the savages tried to send the ball to the northwest the length of the field, the others wished to make it go to the southeast. The con- test which lasted for a half hour was doubtful. "

In 1763, an army of confederate nations, inspired by the subtle influence of Pontiac's master mind, formed the purpose of seizing the scattered forts held by the English along the northwestern frontier. On the fourth day of June of that year, the garrison at Fort Michilimackinac, unconscious of their impending fate, thoughtlessly lolled at the foot of the palisade and whiled away the day in watching the swaying fortunes of a game of ball which was being played by some Indians in front of the stock- ade. Alexander Henry, who was on the spot at the time,

2 Histoire de l'Am&ique Septentrionale par M. de Bacqueville de la Potherie, Paris, 1722, Vol. II, 124 et seq.

INDIAN GAMES. 91

says that the game played by these Indians was "Baggati- way, called by the Canadians lejeu de la Crosse."*

Parkman4 concludes a vivid description of the surprise and massacre of the garrison at Michilimackinac, based upon authentic facts, as follows: "Rushing and striking, tripping their adversaries, or hurling them to the ground, they pursued the animating contest amid the laughter and applause of the spectators. Suddenly, from the midst of the multitude, the ball soared into the air and, descending

7 ' £3

in a wide curve, fell near the pickets of the fort. This was no chance stroke. It was part of a preconcerted scheme to insure the surprise and destruction of the gar- rison. As if in pursuit of the ball, the players turned and came rushing, a maddened and tumultuous throng, towards the gate. In a moment they had reached it. The amazed English had no time to think or act. The shrill cries of the ball-players were changed to the ferocious war-whoop. The warriors snatched from the squaws the hatchets which the latter, with this design, had concealed beneath their blankets. Some of the Indians assailed the spectators without, while others rushed into the fort, and all was carnage and confusion."

Thus we see that the favorite game of ball of the North American Indians, known to-day, as it was in 1636, by the name of " lacrosse," was potent among them as a reme- dial exercise or superstitious rite to cure diseases and avert disaster ; that it formed part of stately ceremonials which were intended to entertain and amuse distinguished guests ; and that it was made use of as a stratagem of war,

a Travels and Adventures in Canada, etc., by Alexander Henry, New York, 1809, p. 78; Travels through the Interior parts of North America, by Jonathan Carver London, 1778, p. 19. The Book of the Indians, by Samuel G. Drake, Boston, 1841, Book V, Ch. Ill, p. 52.

* The Conspiracy of Pontiac, by Francis Parkman, Boston, 1870. Vol. I, p. 339.

92 INDIAN GAMES.

by means of which to lull the suspicions of the enemy and to gain access to their, forts.

The descriptions of lacrosse which have been transmitted to us, would often prove unintelligible to one who had never seen the game played. The writers of the accounts which have come down to us from the early part of the seventeenth century were men whose lives were spent among the scenes which they described and they had but little time, and few opportunities for careful writing. The individual records though somewhat confused enable us easily to identify the game, and a comparison of the different accounts shows how thoroughly the main features of the game have been preserved.

Lacrosse is played to-day as follows : The number of players on the opposing sides should be equal. Regular stations are assigned in the rules for playing the game, for twelve on each side. Goals, each consisting of two upright posts or staffs, generally about six feet apart and of equal height, are planted at each end of the field. The length of the field and its bounds are determined by the character of the ground and the skill of the players. The effort of each side is to preveut the ball from passing through the goal assigned to its protection, and equally to try to drive it through the opposite goal. Under no cir- cumstances can the ball be touched during the game, while within the bounds, by the hands of the players. Each player has a racket, the length of which, though op- tional, is ordinarily from four to five feet. One end of this racket or bat is curved like a shepherd's crook, and from the curved end a thong is carried across to a point on the handle about midway its length. In the space thus enclosed between the thong and the handle, which at its broadest part should not exceed a foot in width, a flat network is interposed. This forms the bat. It is with

INDIAN GAMES. 93

this that the player picks up and throws the ball used in the game, which should be about eight or nine inches in circumference. The ball is placed in the centre of the field by the umpire, and when the game is called, the op- posing players strive to get possession of it with their rackets. The play consists in running with it and throw- ing it, with the design of driving it between the adversary's goal posts ; and in defensive action, the purpose of which is to prevent the opponents from accomplishing similar de- signs on their part. As the wind or the sunlight may favor one side or the other on any field, provision is gen- erally made for a change of goals during the match. The stations of the players and the minor rules of the game are unimportant in this connection.

The oldest attempt at a detailed description of the game is given by Nicolas Perrot who from 1662 to 1699 spent the greater part of his time as coureur de bois, trader, or government agent, among the Indians of the far West. It is of him that Abbe Ferland says, " Courageous man, honest writer and good observer, Perrot lived for a lono- time among the Indians of the West who were very much attached to him." His accounts of the manners and cus- toms of the North American Indians have been liberally used by subsequent writers and as the part treating of games is not only very full but also covers a very early period of history, it is doubly interesting for purposes of comparison with games of a later day. He5 says, "The savages have many kinds of games in which they delight. Their natural fondness for them is so great that they will neglect food and drink,- not only to join in a game but even to look at one. There is among them a certain game

E Memoire surles Moeurs, Coustumes et Relligion des Sauvages de l'Amerique Septentrionale, par Nicolas Perrot, Leipzig et Paris, 1864, p. 43, et seq.

94 INDIAN GAMES.

of cross which is very similar to our tennis. Their cus- tom in playing it is to match tribe against tribe, and if the numbers are not equal they render them so by with- drawing some of the men from the stronger side. You see them all armed with a cross, that is to say a stick which has a large portion at the bottom, laced like a racket. The ball with which they play is of wood and of nearly the shape of a turkey's egg. The goals of the game are fixed in an open field. These goals face to the east and to the west, to the north and to the south." Then follows a somewhat confused description of the method and the rules of the contest from which we can infer that after a side had won two goals they changed sides of the field with their opponents, and that two out of three, or three out of five goals decided the game.

Reading Perrot's description in connection with that given by de la Potherie of the game played before Perrot by the Miamis, helps us to remove the confusion of the account. Abbe Ferland6 describes the game. He was a diligent student of all sources of authority upon these subjects and was probably familiar with the modern game. His account of the Indian game follows that of Perrot so closely as to show that it was his model. It is, however, clear and distinct in its details, free from the confusion which attends Perrot's account and might al- most serve for a description of the game as played by the Indians to-day. Perrot was a frontier-man and failed when he undertook to describe anything that required careful and exact use of language. We can only interpret him intelligently by combining his descriptions with those of other writers and applying our own knowledge of the game as we see it to-day. He is, however, more intelligible

cCours d'Hi-stoire du Canada, par J. B. A. Ferland, Quebec, 1861, Vol. I, p. 134.

INDIAN GAMES. 95

when he gets on more general ground, and after having disposed of the technicalities of the game, he proceeds : "Men, women, boys and girls are received on the sides which they make up, and they wager between themselves more or less according to their means."

M These games ordinarily begin after the melting of the ice and they last even to seed time. In the afternoon one sees all the players bedecked7 and painted. Each party has its leader who addresses them, announcing to his players the hour fixed for opening the game. The players assemble in a crowd in the middle of the field and one of the leaders of the two sides, having the ball in his hands casts it into the air. Each one then tries to throw it to- wards the side where he ought to send it. If it falls to the earth, the player tries to draw it to him with his cross. If it is sent outside the crowd, then the most active play- ers, by closely pursuing it, distinguish themselves. You hear the noise which they make striking against each other and warding off blows, in their strife to send the ball in the desired direction. When one of them holds the ball between his feet, it is for him, in his unwilling- ness to let it go, to avoid the blows which his adversaries incessantly shower down upon his feet. Should he hap- pen to be wounded at this juncture, he alone is responsible for it. It has happened that some have had their legs broken, others their arms and some have been killed. It is not uncommon to see among them those who are crip- pled for life and who could only be at such a game by an

7 1 translate apiffez, " bedecked," assuming from the context that the author meant to write " attifez." We have, elsewhere, accounts which show that ball- players, even though compelled to play with scant clothing, still covered them- selves with their ornaments. J. M. Stanley in his Portraits of North American Indians, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 1862, Vol. II, p. 13, says that the " Creek" ball-players first appear on the ground in costume. " Dur- ing the play they divest themselves of all their ornaments which are usually dis- played on these occasions for the purpose of betting on the result of the play. "

96 INDIAN GAMES.

act of sheer obstinacy. When accidents of this kind happen, the unfortunate withdraws quietly from the game if he can do so. If his injury will not permit him, his relations carry him to the cabin and the game continues until it is finished as if nothing had happened."

" When the sides are equal the players will occupy an entire afternoon without either side gaining any advan- tage ; at other times one of the two will gain the two games that they need to win. In this game you would say to see them run that they looked like two parties who wanted to fight. This exercise contributes much to render the savages alert and prepared to avoid blows from the tomahawk of an enemy, when they find them- selves in a combat. Without being told in advance that it was a game, one might truly believe that they fought in open country. Whatever accident the game may cause, they attribute it to the chance of the game and have no ill will towards each other. The suffering is for the wounded, who bear it contentedly as if nothing had hap- pened, thus making it appear that they have a great deal of courage and are men."

" The side that wins takes whatever has been put up on the game and whatever ther% is of profit, and that without any dispute on the part of the others when it is a question of paying, no matter what the kind of game. Neverthe- less, if some person who is not in the game, or who has not bet anything, should throw the ball to the advan- tage of one side or the other, one of those whom the throw would not help would attack him, demanding if this is his affair and why he has mixed himself with it. They often come to quarrels about this and if some of the chiefs did not reconcile them, there would be blood shed and perhaps some killed."

Originally, the game was open to any number of com-

INDIAN GAMES. 97

petitors. According to the Relation of 1636, "Village was pitted against village." " Tribe was matched against tribe," says Perrot. The number engaged in the game described by La Potherie8 was estimated by him at two thousand. LaHontan9 says that "the savages commonly played it in large companies of three or four hundred at a time," while Charlevoix10 says the number of players was variable and adds " for instance if they are eighty," thus showing about the number he would expect to find in a game. When Morgan11 speaks of six or eight on a side, he must allude to a later period, probably after the game was modified by the whites who had adopted it among their amusements.12

Our earliest accounts of the game as played by the In- dians in the south are about one hundred years later than the corresponding records in the north. Adair13 says the

8 Vol. II, p. 126.

8 Memoires de L'Amerique Septentrionale, ou la Suite des Voyages de Mr. Le Baron de LaHontan, Amsterdam, 1705, Vol. n, p. 113.

"Histoire de la Nouvelle France. Journal d'un Voyage, etc., par le P. de Char- levoix, Paris, 1744, Vol. in, p. 319.

11 League of the Iroquois, hy Lewis H. Morgan, Rochester, 1851, p. 294.

12 The game is also mentioned in An Account of the Remarkable Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Col. James Smith during his Captivity with the Indians in the years 1755-1759. Cincinnati, 1870, p. 78. It is described by Col. William L. Stone in his Life of Brant, Albany, 18(55, Vol. II, p. 448. In one game of which he speaks, the ball was started by a young and beautiful squaw who was elaborately dressed for the occasion. Notwithstanding the extent and value of Col. Stone's contributions to the literature on the subject of the North American Indians, he makes the erroneous statement that " The Six Nations had adopted from the Whites the popular game of ball or cricket." See p. 445, same volume, c.f. The Memoir upon the late War in North America, 1755-1760, by M. Pouchot, translated and edited by Franklin B. Hough, Vol. II, p. 195. A game of ball is also described in Historical Collections of Georgia, by the Rev. George White, 3d edition, New York, 1855, p. 670, which took place in Walker County, Georgia, between Chatooga and Chicamauga. The ball was thrown up at the centre. The bats were described as curiously carved spoons. If the ball touched the ground the play stoppedand it was thrown up again. Rev. J. Owen Dorsey in a paper entitled "Omaha Soci- ology," printed in the Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, etc., 1881-1882, Washington, 1884, §230, p. 336, describes the game amongst the Omahas.

13The History of the American Indians, particularly those Nations adjoining to the Mississippi, etc., by James Adair, London, 1775, p. 399.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII 13

98 INDIAN GAMES.

gamesters are equal in number and speaks of "the crowd of players" preventing the one who "catches the ball from throwing it off with a long direction." Bossu14 says, "they are forty on each side," while Bartram15 says, "the inhab- itants of one town play against another in consequence of a challenge." From this it would seem that among those Indians, as at the North, the number of players was gov- erned only by the circumstances under which the game was played.

The ball, originally of wood,16 was replaced by one made of deer skin. Adair gives the following description of its manufacture : "The ball is made of a piece of scraped deer- skin, moistened, and stuffed hard with deer's hair, and strongly sewed with deer's sinews."17

According to Morgan the racket has undergone a similar change, from a curved wooden head to the curved stick with open network, but we have seen in the earliest de- scription at our command, that in the days of Perrot the cross was "laced like a racket."18

The game was played not only by the Indians of our Coast, but Powers19 found it also among the Californi an In- dians. He describes a game of tennis played by the Porno Indians in Kussian Kiver Valley, of which he had heard nothing anions the northern tribes. "A ball is rounded out of an oak knot as large as those used by school boys, and it is propelled by a racket which is constructed of a

14 Travels through that Part of North America formerly called Louisiana, by Mr. Bossu, Captain in the French Marines. Translated from the French by John Rein- hold Forster, London, 1771, Vol. I, p. 304.

"Travels through North and South Carolina, etc., by William Bartram, Philadel- phia, 1791, p. 508.

" La Potherie, Vol. II, p. 126; Perrot, p. 44.

" p. 400.

18 League of the Iroquois, p. 298; Perrot p. 44.

^Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. ill, p. 151. Tribes of Cali- fornia by Stephen Powers; The same game is described among the Meewocs in The Native Races of the Pacific States by H. H. Bancroft, Vol. I, p. 393.

INDIAN GAMES. 99

long slender stick, bent double and bound together, leav- ing a circular hoop at the extremity, across which is woven a coarse meshwork of strings. Such an implement is not strong enough for batting the ball, neither do they bat it, but simply shove or thrust it along the ground."

Paul Kane20 describes a game played among the Chi- nooks. He says "They also take great delight in a game with a ball which is played by them in the same manner as the Cree, Chippewa and Sioux Indians. Two poles are erected about a mile apart, and the company is divided into two bands armed with sticks, having a small ring or hoop at the end with which the ball is picked up and thrown to a great distance, each party striving to get the ball past their own goal. They are sometimes a hundred on a side, and their play is kept up with great noise and excitement. At this play they bet heavily as it is gener- ally played between tribes or villages."

Domenech21 writing about the Indians of the interior, calls the game "cricket," and says the players were cos- tumed as follows : "Short drawers, or rather a belt, the body being first daubed over with a layer of bright colors ; from the belt (which is short enough to leave the thighs free) hangs a long tail, tied up at the extremity with long horse hair ; round their necks is a necklace, to which is attached a floating mane, dyed red, as is the tail, and fall- ing in the way of a dress fringe over the chest and shoulders. * * In the northwest, in the costume indispensable to the players, feathers are sometimes substituted for horse hair." He adds "that some tribes play with two sticks" and that it is played in "winter on the ice." "The ball is made of wood or brick covered with kid-skin leather, sometimes of

20Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America by Paul Kane, p. 190; H. H. Bancroft's Native Races, Vol. I, p. 244.

21 Seven Years' Residence in the Great Deserts of North America by tlie Abbe Em. Domenech, Vol. II, pp. 192, 193.

100 INDIAN GAMES.

leather curiously interwoven." Schoolcraft describes the game as played in the winter on the ice.22

It will be observed that the widest difference prevails in the estimate of the distance apart at which the goals are set. Henry, in his account of the game at Michilimackinac says "they are at a considerable distance from each other, as a mile or more." Charlevoix places the goals in a game with eighty players at "half a league apart" meaning prob- ably half a mile. LaHontan estimates the distance between the goals at "five or six hundred paces." Adair,23 who is an intelligent writer, and who was thoroughly conversant with the habits and customs of the Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chicasaws estimates the length of the field at "five hundred yards," while Romans24 in describing the goals uses this phrase "they fix two poles across each other at about a hundred and fifty feet apart." Bossu25 speaks as if in the game which he saw played there was but a single goal. He says " They agree upon a mark or aim about sixty yards off, and distinguished by two great poles, be- tween which the ball is to pass."

The goals among the northern Indians were single posts at the ends of the field. It is among the southern Indians that we first hear of two posts being raised to form a sort of gate through or over which the ball must pass. Adair says, "they fix two bending poles into the ground, three yards apart below, but slanting a considerable way out-

32 Schoolcraft's North American Indians, Vol. n, p. 78; See also Ball-play among the Dacotas, in Philander Prescott's paper, Ibid, Vol. IV, p. 64.

"Henry, p. 78; Charlevoix Vol. Ill, p. 319; Kane's Wanderings, p. 189; LaHon- tan, Vol. ii, p. 113; Adair, p. 400.

24A concise Natural History of East and West Florida, by Capt. Bernard Ro- mans, New York, 1776, p. 79.

25Vol. I, p. 304; Similarly, Pickett (History of Alabama, Vol. I, p. 92) describes a game among the Creeks in which there was but one goal, consisting of two poles erected in the centre of the field between which the ball must pass to count one. He cites "Bartram," and the " Narrative of a Mission to the Creek Nation by Col. Marinus Willett," as his authorities. Neither of them sustains him on this point.

INDIAN GAMES. 101

wards. The party that happens to throw the ball over these counts one ; but if it be thrown underneath, it is cast back and played for as usual." The ball is to be thrown "through the lower part" of the two poles which are fixed across each other at about one hundred and fifty feet apart, according to Romans. In Bossu's account it is "between" the two great poles which distinguish the mark or aim, that "the ball is to pass." On the other hand, Bartram, describing what he saw in North Carolina, speaks of the ball "being hurled into the air, midway between the two high pillars which are the goals, and the party who bears off the ball to their pillar wins the game."

In some parts of the south each player had two rackets between which the ball was caught. For this purpose they were necessarily shorter than the cross of the north- ern Indians. Adair says, "The ball sticks are about two feet long, the lower end somewhat resembling the palm of a hand, and which are worked with deer-skin thongs. Be- tween these they catch the ball, and throw it a great dis- tance."26

That this was not universal throughout the south would appear from Bossu's account who says, "Every one has a battledoor in his hand about two feet and a half long, made very nearly in the form of ours, of walnut, or chestnut wood, and covered with roe-skins." Bartram also says that each person has "a racquet or hurl, which is an imple- ment of a very curious construction somewhat resembling a ladle or little hoop net, with a handle near three feet in length, the hoop and handle of wood and the netting of thongs of raw-hide or tendons of an animal."

Catlin27 saw the game played by the Choctaws on their

28Adair, p. 400; A Narrative of the Military Adventures of Colonel Marinus Wil- lett, p. 109.

97Lettersand Notes on the Manners, Customs and Condition of the North Amer- ican Indians, by George Catlin, Vol. n, p. 123 et seq.

102 INDIAN GAMES.

Western Keservation. They used two rackets. In this game the old men acted as judges.

The game was ordinarily started by tossing the ball into the air in the centre of the field. This act is represented by Perrot as having been performed by one of the leaders in the game, but it is more in accord with the spirit in which the game was played, that it should have been done by some outsider. Bossu says, "An old man stands in the middle of the place appropriated to the play, and throws up into the air a ball of roe-skins rolled about each other," while Powers28 says that among the Californian Indians this act was performed by a squaw. The judges started the ball among the Choctaws.29 Notwithstanding the differ- ences in the forms of the goals, their distance apart and the methods of play disclosed in all these descriptions, the game can only be regarded as the same. The historians who have preserved for us the accounts of the ancient southern games from which quotations have been made, are all Englishmen except Bossu, and he entered the coun- try not by the way of Quebec but by way of New Orleans. It is not strange, therefore, that we do not find in use amongst them the name which the early French fathers and traders invariably applied to the game. The descrip- tion, however, given by these writers, of the racket used in the south, corresponds so closely with the crook from which the game took the name by which it is known, that we must accept the game as a modified form of lacrosse. From Maine to Florida, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, we trace a knowledge of it. We have found it in use among the confederate nations of the north and of the south and among scattered tribes throughout the country.

In the majority of instances the natural instincts of those

^Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. Ill, p. 151. wCatlin, Vol. n, p.lbj.

INDIAN GAMES. 103

who participated in the strife were stimulated by local pride. The reputation of their tribe or their village rested upon the result. Ardent as the spirit of the contest must necessarily have been under such circumstances, among a people where courage and physique counted for so much, their intense passion for gambling intervened to fan into fiercer flames the spirits ot the contesting players and to inspire them to more earnest efforts. Stakes, often of the utmost consequence to the players and their back- ers, were wagered upon the games. A reputation for courage, for skill and for endurance, was the most valua- ble possession ot the Indian. The maintenance of this was to a certain extent involved in each game that he played. Oftentimes in addition to this, all of his own pos- sessions and the property of his friends and neighbors in the form of skins and beads were staked upon the result of the contest. In games where so much was involved, we need not be surprised to learn from Perrot that limbs were occasionally broken and that sometimes players were even killed. In the notes to Perrot's Memoir it is stated that some anonymous annotator has written across the margin of Perrot's manuscript at this point :30 " False, nei- ther arms nor legs are broken, nor are players ever killed." We scarcely need the corroboratory statements of La Po- therie31 that " these games are ordinarily followed by bro- ken heads, arms and legs, and often people are killed at them ;" and also of LaHontan,32 that "they tear their skins and break their legs" at them, to satisfy us that Perrot rather than his critic is to be believed. If no such state- ments had been made, we should infer that so violent a game, on which stakes of such vital importance were placed, could not be played by a people like the Indians, except with such results.

»° Perrot, Note I, Ch. x, p. 187. " Vol. ii, pp. 126-127. » Vol. n, p. 113.

104 INDIAN GAMES.

Notwithstanding the violence of the game and the deep interest which the players and spectators took in it, the testimony of historians is uniform to the effect that ac- cidental injuries received during its progress produced no ill will. We have seen that Perrot states that if any- one attempted to hold the ball with his feet, he took his chance of injury, and that those who were injured retired quietly from the field. Adair says, "It is a very unusual thing to see them act spitefully, not even in this severe and tempting exercise." Bossu bears testimony to the same effect, in the following words : "The players are never displeased ; some old men, who assist at the play, become mediators, and determine that the play is only intended as a recreation, and not as an opportunity of quarrelling."

Where the game was played by appointment in response to a challenge, the men and women assembled in their best ornaments, and danced and sang during the day and night previous to that of the appointed day. The players supplicated the Great Spirit for success. Female relations chanted to him all the previous night and the men fasted from the previous night till the game was over.33 The players wore but little in the way of covering. Ro- mans speaks of them as being "almost naked, painted and ornamented with feathers ;" and Bossu says they were "na- ked, painted with various colours, having a tyger tail fast- ened behind, and feathers on their heads and arms."

It is not astonishing that a game which called for such vigorous exercise34 and which taxed the strength, agility and endurance of the players to such a degree, should be described by writers in terms which showed that they

« Adair, p. 401; Bossu, Vol. I, p. 304; and Willett's Narrative p. 109.

84 Ferland, Vol. I, p. 134, and Major C. Swan in a Report concerning the Creeks in 1791, Schoolcraft, Vol. v, p. 277, assert that the Whites excel the Indians at this gam©.

INDIAN GAMES. 105

looked upon it rather in the light of a manly contest than as an amusement. Nevertheless the young people and the women often took part in it. Perrot tells us so, and both Romans and Bossu say that after the men were through, the women usually played a game, the bets on which were generally high. Powers35represents the squaws among the Californian Indians as joining the game.

Dexterity in the game lay in the skilful use of the rack- et ; in rapid running ; in waylaying an adversary when he was in possession of the ball ; in avoiding members of the opposing side when the player himself was running with the ball for the goal, and in adroitly passing the ball to one of the same side when surrounded by opponents. To give full scope to skill in the use of the racket, great stress was laid upon the rule that the ball was not to be touched by the hand. Perrot says, " if it falls to the earth he tries to draw it to him with his cross." Charlevoix says, "Their business is to strike the ball to the post of the adverse party without letting it fall to the ground and without touching it with the hand." Adair says, " They are not allowed to catch it with their hands."

The early writers were struck with the fact that the char- acter of the exercise in this game was fitted to develop the young warriors for the war path, and they commented on the practice that they thus acquired in rapid running and in avoiding blows from an instrument in the hands of an adversary.

When we review the various features of the game which its chroniclers have thought worthy of record, we can but conclude that it was rather a contest of grave importance to the players than a mere pastime, nor can we fail to ac- cept the concurrent testimony as to the widespread terri-

35 Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. Ill, p. 151. ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII. 14

106 INDIAN GAMES.

tory in which it was domesticated, as additional evidence of the extent of the intercourse which prevailed among the native tribes of this country.

PLATTER OR DICE.

The second in the list of games given by Father Bre- beuf is that which he calls "platter." Writers who des- cribe the habits of the Indians at the north have much to say concerning this game. According to Lescarbot, Jac- ques Cartier saw it played, and recorded his observations.36

Sagard Theodat 37 devotes considerable space to it. Both Father Brebeuf, in his Relation in 1636, and Father Lalemant, in his Relation in 1639, give long accounts of the game, the causes for its being played, the excesses in gambling to which it leads, and the methods which pre- vail in its practice. In Perrot's38 work there is a good de- scription of the game, although not so full as his account of lacrosse, from which we have already quoted. La Potherie and LaHontan barely mention it. Lafitau39 in his searching analysis of the manuscripts deposited at Que- bec, while seeking for traces of his theory that a resem- blance existed between the habits of the Indians and those of the ancient dwellers in eastern Europe, found an un- usual quantity of material bearing on this particular topic, which he has reproduced in his book. Charlevoix40, in a letter dated June 8, 1721, says, "As I was returning through a quarter of the Huron village, I perceived a num- ber of these Indians, who seemed much heated at play. I

38 Histoire de la Nouvelle France par Marc Lescarbot, Nouvelle Edition, Paris 1866, Vol. Ill, p. 754.

87 Histoire du Canada, etc., par Gabriel Sagard Tbeodat; Nouvelle Edition, Paris, 1866, Vol. I, pp. 243-244.

38 p. 50.

39 Majurs des Sauvages Ameriquains, etc., par le P. Lafitau, Paris, 1724, Vol. II, p. 339.

«° Vol. Ill, pp. 260-1.

INDIAN GAMES. 107

approached them and found that the game they were play- ing at was what they called the game of platter. This is the game to which the Indians are addicted above all others. They sometimes lose their rest and in some de- gree their very senses at it. They stake all they are worth, and several of them have been known to continue at it till they have stript themselves stark naked and lost all their movables in their cabin. Some have been known to stake their liberty for a certain time. This circumstance proves beyond all doubt how passionately fond they are of it, there being no people in the world more jealous of their liberty than our Indians."

In the description which Charlevoix then gives, he has relied partly upon personal observations and also to some extent, upon accounts which were at that time in manu- script in Quebec and which were easily accessible to him. He was himself an intelligent observer and a cul- tivated man. His history and his letters, although not free from the looseness of expression which pervades con- temporaneous accounts show on the whole the disci- pline of an educated mind. We learn from him and from the authorities heretofore enumerated that two players only from each side could participate in this game at any given time during its progress. The necessary imple- ments were a bowl and a number of dice fashioned some- what like apricot seeds, and colored differently upon the upper and lower sides. Generally, one side was white and the other black. The number of these dice was gen- erally six. There was no fixed rule as to the materials of which they were made ; sometimes they were of bone ; sometimes the stones of fruits were used. The impor- tant point was that the centre of gravity of each die should be so placed, that when it was thrown into the air, or when the bowl in which it was placed, was vio-

108 INDIAN GAMES.

lently twirled, there would be an even chance as to which of its two sides the die would settle upon when it lodged ; and in the game as it was played in early times that the whole number of dice used should be uniform in the col- oring of the sides, each die having the different sides of different colors. The dice were placed in the bowl which was generally of wood, between the two players who were to cast them in behalf of their respective sides. These casters or throwers were selected by each side and the prevailing motives in their choice were generally based upon some superstitious belief in their luck. Per- haps this one had dreamed that he would win. Perhaps that one was believed to possess some magic power, or some secret ointment which when applied to the dice would cause them to turn up favorably for his side.41 The spectators were generally arranged in seats along the sides of the cabin42, placed in tiers so that each person could have a view of the players. They were in more senses than one deeply interested in the game. When- the cast was to be made the player would strike the bowl upon the ground so as to make the dice jump into the air43 and would then twirl the bowl rapidly around. During this process and until it stopped its revolutions and the dice finally settled, the players addressed the dice and beat themselves on their breasts.44 The spectators during the same period filled the air with shouts and invoked aid from their own protecting powers, while in the same breath they poured forth imprecations on those of their adversaries. The number of points affected the length of the game and was entirely optional. If six dice were used

*i Relations des Jesuites, Relation en PAunee, 1G36, p. 113. «2 Ibid, Relation en PAnnee, 1639, p. 95. *3 Sagard Theodat, Vol. I, p. 213. 44 Shea's Hennepin, p. 300.

INDIAN GAMES. 109

and all came up of the same color, the throw counted five.45 If five of them were of the same color it counted one. Any lower number failed to count. If the caster was unsuccessful he gave place to another, but so long as he continued to win his side would retain him in that position.46

The game was often ushered in with singing. Like la- crosse it was prescribed as a remedy for sickness or in consequence of dreams, and the sufferer in whose behalf the game was played was borne to the cabin in which it was to take place. Preliminary fasting and continence were observed, and every effort made that superstition could suggest to discover who would be the lucky thrower and who could aid the caster by his presence at the con- test. Old men, unable to walk thither, were brought up on the shoulders of the young men that their presence might be propitious to the chances of the game.47 The excitement which attended one of these games of chance was intense, especially when the game reached a critical point and some particular throw was likely to terminate it. Charlevoix says the games often lasted for five or six days48 and oftentimes the spectators concerned in the game, "are in such an agitation as to be transported out of themselves to such a degree that they quarrel and fight, which never happens to the Hurons, except on these occa- sions or when they are drunk."

Perhaps rum was responsible also for these quarrels ; for in the early accounts we are told that losses were phil- osophically accepted. Father Brebeuf tells of a party

45 Among the DelaAvares it required eight counts of five to win. History of the Mission of the United Bi-ethren among the Indians, etc., G. H. Loskiel. Translated by C. I. Latrobe. Part I, Ch. viii, p. 10G.

46 Charlevoix, Vol. in, p. 261. 4Ubid, p. 262.

48 Loskiel (p. 106) saw a game between two Iroquois towns which lasted eight days. Sacrifices for luck were offered by the sides each night.

110 INDIAN GAMES.

who had lost their leggings at one of these ^ames and who returned to their village in three feet of snow as cheerful in appearance as if they had won. There seems to have been no limit to which they would not go in their stakes while under the excitement of the game. Clothing, wife, family and sometimes the personal liberty of the player himself rested in the hazard of the die.49

The women often played the game by themselves, though apparently with less formality than characterized the great matches. The latter frequently assumed the same local characteristics that we have seen in the game of lacrosse, and we hear of village being pitted against village as a frequent feature of the game.50

Morgan51 describes a game played by the Iroquois with buttons or dice made of elk-horn, rounded and pol- ished and blackened on one side. The players spread a blanket on the ground ; and the dice were tossed with the hand in the air and permitted to fall on the blanket. The counts were determined as in the game of platter by the color of the sides of the dice which were exposed when they settled. The number of the dice was eight.

In Per rot's52 description of the game of platter he al- ludes to a game, played with eight dice, on a blanket in precisely this way, but he adds that it was practised by women and girls. La Potherie55 says that the women sometimes play at platter, but ordinarily they cast the fruit stones with the hand as one throws dice.

Under the name of " hubbub " this game has also been

*° Charlevoix, Vol. in, p. 261. Le Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons, par Ga- briel Siigard Theodat, Paris, 1632, Nouvelle Edition, Paris, 1S65, p. S5; Relations de Jcsuites, Relation de la Nouvelle France, en l'Annee 1639, pp. 95-96; Lafltau, Vol. II, p. 341.

•■" Perrot, p. 43; Uistoire du Canada, par F. X. Garneau, Vol. I, p. 115. " League of the Iroquois, p. 302. 6a i>Crrot, p. 50. o:i La Potherie, Vol. Ill, p. 23.

INDIAN GAMES. Ill

described by observers among the Abenakis. Ogilby54 says: "Hubbub is five small Bones in a small Tray; the Bones be like a Die, but something flatter, black on the one side and white on the other, which they place on the Ground, against which violently thumping the Platter, the Bones mount, changing Colour with the windy whisking of their Hands to and fro ; which action in that sport they much use, smiting themselves on the Breasts and Thighs, crying out Hub Hub Hub ; they may be heard playing at this game a quarter of a mile off. The Bones being all black or white make a double Game ; if three of one colour, and two of another, then they afford but a single game ; four of a colour and one differing is nothing. So long as the Man wins he keeps the Tray, but if he lose the next Man takes it."

There is but little said about this game in the south by writers. It evidentlv had no such hold there as amomr the Hurons and the tribes along the Lakes. Lawson55 saw it played in North Carolina with persimmon stones as dice. While this fixes the fact that the game had a home among the southern Indians, the way in which it has been slighted by the majority of writers who treat of that sec- tion shows that it was not a favorite game there.

To what shall we ascribe this ? Its hold upon the north- ern Indians shows that it was peculiarly adapted to the temperament of the natives, and we should naturally ex- pect to find it as much in use among the tribes of the south as with those of the north. An explanation for this may possibly be found in the difference of the cli- mate. The game was especially adapted for the winter, and while its practice was evidently not exclusively con-

64 America, being an Accurate Description of the New World, etc. Collected and Translated by John Ogilby. London, 1670. Book n, Ch. n, p. 155. 56 History of North Carolina by John Lawson, London, 1718, p. 176.

112 INDIAN GAMES.

fined to that season, it is possible that its greater hold upon the affections of the Indians of the north, arose from their being obliged to resort to in-door amusements during the protracted winters in that region. From this necessity the southern Indians being in a measure exempt, they continued their out-door games as usual and never became so thoroughly infatuated with this game.

Informal contests were often held between players, in which the use of the bowl or platter was dispensed with. The dice were held in the hand and then tossed in the air. They were allowed to fall upon some prepared surface, generally a deerskin spread for the purpose. The same rules as to the color of the surfaces of the dice when they settled in their places governed the count. This form of the game is sometimes described as a separate game. Boucher56 calls it Paquessen.bl The women of Oregon played it with marked beaver teeth.58 Among the Twa- nas it was played with beaver or muskrat teeth.69 Pow- ers60 says that among the Nishinams, a tribe living on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada between the Yuba and Cos- umnes rivers, rt a game of dice is played by men or women, two, three or four together. The dice, four in number, consist of two acorns split lengthwise into halves, with the outsides scraped and painted red or black. They are shak- en in the hand and thrown into a wide flat basket, woven in ornamental patterns. One paint and three whites, or

6CTrue and Genuine Description of New France, etc., by Pierre Boucher, Paris, 1044. Translated under title '-Canada in the Seventeenth Century," Montreal, 1883, p. 57.

57 Played by women and girls. Sagard Theodat, Histoire du Canada, Vol. I, p. 244.

^Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. I, p. 206, George Gibfcs; H. H. Bancroft's Native Races, Vol. I, p. 244; The Northwest Coast by James G. Swan, p. 158.

6U Bulletin, U. S. Geological Survey, Vol. m, No. 1, April 5, 1877. Rev. M. Eels.

80 Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. ill, p, 332.

INDIAN GAMES. 113

vice versa, score nothing ; two of each score one ; four alike score four. The thrower keeps on throwing until he makes a blank throw, when another takes the dice. When all the players have stood their turn, the one who has scored the most takes the stakes."

The women of the Yokuts,61 a Californian tribe which lived in the San Joaquin valley near Tulare Lake, had a similar game. Each die was half a large acorn or walnut shell filled with pitch and powdered charcoal and inlaid with bits of bright colored abaloni shell. Four squaws played and a fifth kept tally with fifteen sticks. There were eight dice and they scooped them up with their hands and dashed them into the basket, counting one when two or five flat surfaces turned up.

Schoolcraft62 says "one of the principal amusements of a sedentary character is that of various games, success in which depends on luck in numbers. These games, to which both the prairie and forest tribes are addicted, assume the fascination and intensity of gambling ; and the most valued articles are often staked upon the luck of a throw. For this purpose the prairie tribes commonly use the stones of the wild plum or some analogous fruit, upon which various devices indicating their arithmetical value are burned in, or engraved and colored, so as at a glance to reveal the character of the pieces." Among the Dacota tribes this is known by a term which is translated the "game of plum stones." He gives illustrations of the devices on five sets of stones, numbering eight each. "To play this game a little orifice is made in the ground and a skin put in it ; often it is also played on a robe."03 The women and the young men play this game. The bowl is lifted with one

si Contributions to North American Ethnology, Vol. ill, p. 377. e2 Schoolcraft's Indian Tribes, Vol. II, pp. 71, 72.

63 Domenech, Vol. n, p. 191; First Annual Report of Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian, 1881, p. 195.

ESSEX INST. BULLETIN, VOL. XVII. 15

114 INDIAN GAMES.

hand and rudely pushed down to its place. The plum stones fly over several times. The stake is first put up by all who wish to play. A dozen can play at once if desirable. Schoolcraft64 describes still another form of the game which he found among the Chippewas, in which thirteen pieces or dice were used. Nine of them were of bone and were fashioned in figures typifying fish, serpents, etc. One side of each was painted red and had dots burned in with a hot iron. The brass pieces were circular having one side convex and the other concave. The convex side was bright,